INDEX
A B
C D
E F G
H I
J K L
M N
O P Q
R S
T U V
W X Y Z
A
Adaptations in the home and community for the disabled, Chapter 51
Adapting aids and therapy to local situation
- artificial leg (India), 3
- arm exercises grinding grain (Africa), 528
- bamboo limbs (Thailand), 625, 628-631
- crutches from tree branches, A-1, A-2
- ground level seats and wheelchairs (Bangladesh), 590
- Jaipur foot (India), 636
- plastic bucket braces (Mexico), 550-553
- village sign language (Mexico), 4
- walking on V-shaped path to stretch ankles, 82
- wheelchair adaptations, 590, 622
- wrist-and hand exercise, 11
Aids and equipment
- adapting the aid to the specific child, Chapter 56, 581, 589-593
- books on, 642
- developmental aids, Chapter 62
- for appearance or function, 531-532
- for bathing, 103, 345-348
- for communication, 263, 578
- for correcting contractures, 5-7, 84-86
- for crawling, 105, 309, 310, 507
- for dressing, 335-336
- for examining, measuring, recording, Chapter 5, 52-53, 578, 610
- for exercising, 82-83, 140-146, Chapter 42, 518, 578
- for feeding, 323, 326-332, 431, 501, 577
- for toot deformities, 7, 82-83
- for head protection, 235
- for holding and gripping, 5, 501, 577
- for holding legs apart, 5-7, 81, 93, 95-99, 573, 574, 583, 609-612
- for improving balance, 105, 298, 299, 312, 316-317, 576
- for leprosy, 223-225
- for lying, 95, 96, 500, 571, 572
- for moving about, 93, 98, 172, 440, 507, 520
- for play and sport, 190
- for protecting burns, 231
- for protecting hands that do not feel, 223-225
- for sitting, 5, 95, 97, 98, 103, 111, 573
- for spina bifida, 168, 172, 174
- for standing, 99, 105, 151, 172, 185, 190, 500, 574-575
- for toilet training, 189, 342-344, 577
- for turning pages, 501
- for using hands, 5, 189, 305-306, 316, 318, 578
- for walking, 65, 73, 99, 105-106, 149, 150-152,172, 177
- for wheelchair transfers, 394-396
- for work, 6, 190, 501, 503, 507, 509, 588
- for writing and school aids, 501, 578
- hearing aids, 262
- making sure aids and equipment meet child's needs, 526-529
Amputations (limbs missing or cut off), Chapter 27
- amputated fingers, 232
- amputated hands, 227, 230, 531-532
- amputated legs, 227-230
- artificial hands and hooks, 121, 227, 230, 531
- care of newly amputated limb, 228
- emotional and social problems, 531-532
- from birth, 119, 121
- good positioning, 229
- tying shoes with one hand, 336
- (Also see Artificial legs, Chapter 67)
Arch supports and insoles, 117-118
Arm, incomplete or missing, 121
- paralysis from birth injury (Erb's palsy), 127-128
Art by disabled persons, 112, 437-440, 462, 463, 517-518
Arthritis, Juvenile, Chapter 16
- aids for, 335-336
- applying heat before exercise, 132, 372
- aspirin use of, 134
- causes, 136, 158
- how it is different from rheumatic fever, 129, 130
- exercises and positions, 138-152, 368, 372-373, 387
- eye damage, 136
- how to care for painful joints, 132
- medicines for, 137
- precautions with exercise, 374-376
- signs of, 135
- three types, 136
- treatment of contractures, 147-149
- water therapy, 133, 144
Arthrogryposis (multiple contractures from birth), 122-123
Artificial hands, arms, hooks, 121, 227, 230, 531
Artificial legs, Chapter 67
- above-knee artificial leg, 521-522, 633-634
- adapting limbs to local needs, 3, 521, 529, 531-532, 636
- bamboo limb, 521-522, 628-634
- books on artificial legs, 642
- Jaipur limb and toot, 529, 636
- leather and metal rod limb, 633
- leather sockets, 635
- measurements needed, 627, 633, 636
- OHI Limb Program (Thailand), 521-522
- short limbs for double amputees, 227
- stump protectors from old tires, 635
- using PVC plastic pipe, 632
- wooden legs, 635
- wrapping the stump, 228, 626
Aspirin, for joint pain, 134
Assessment (See Examination, Evaluation)
Ataxia (See Balance problems)
Athetosis, in cerebral palsy, 89
Awareness raising, books on politics of disability, rehabilitation, and medicine, 641
B
Back knee (knee bends back more than normal), 28, 44, 61, 67, 69-70, 72
Back problems
- backbone, 165-166
- identification of, 56-57
- spina bifida, 167-174
- spinal cord injury, Chapter 23
- spinal curves, 161-164
- tuberculosis of the backbone, 165-166
- with muscular dystrophy, 109, 112
- with arthritis, 135
Back support clamps, adjustable,572
Back-board, standing board, 574
Backbone (See Spine, spinal)
Bag or lump on back, Chapter 21
- (Also see Spina bifida, Tuberculosis of spine)
Balance problems (ataxia), 90
Bathing and cleanliness, Chapter 39, 475, 487-488
Bed sores (See Pressure sores)
Beds, adjustable, 572
Behavior problems and improvement, Chapter 40
- behavioral approach to learning, 350
- books on behavior training, 641
- head banging, biting, and damage to self, 363-364
- ignoring bad behavior, 351-352
- in child with learning disability, 365-366
- in the physically disabled child, 356-358
- in the retarded child, examples, 349-355, 359-361
- rewarding good behavior, 351
Behavior (continued)
- rocking, 364
- stories about (See Page 12)
- tantrums, 362
- time out (non-reward instead of punishment for bad behavior), 357
Birth defects, Chapter 12
- prevention, 124
Bladder and bowel management
- catheters, 204-208
- constipation, 212
- planning a bowel program, 212-214
- urinary infections, 170, 210-211
- with spinal cord injury, Chapter 25
- with spina bifida, Chapter 25, 170
Blindness and difficulty seeing, Chapter 30
- books on blindness, 639
- braille alphabet, 253
- causes of blindness, 244-245, 246
- CHILD-to-child activities, 447-454
- early stimulation of blind child, 247, 248, 290
- eye poking, a dangerous habit, 247, 364
- how to use a stick, 251
- in multiply disabled child, 283
- misuse of eye medicines, 246
- prevention of blindness, 256
- school and the blind, 253-254
- social problems with, 246
- stories of two blind children, 247
- teaching blind child to walk alone, 250
- teaching the blind skills, 252-255
- testing for blindness, 452-453
- trachoma, 245
- with arthritis, 136, 245
- with Down syndrome, 245, 279
- with leprosy, 221-223
- work, 253, 255
- xerophthalmia (nutritional blindness), 244
- (Also see Eye problems)
Body braces, jackets, supports, 164, 558
- instructions for making, 558
- special seating with body supports, 95, 607-612
- wheelboards with body supports, 612
Bone diseases, Chapter 13
Bone infections (osteomyelitis), Chapter 19
- prevention, 159
- treatment, 160
- with pressure sore, 159
- with spina bifida, 173
- with spinal cord injury, 196
- with leprosy, 222
Books about rehabilitation, 637-642
Bow legs, 113
Braces, Chapter 58
- above-knee, 31, 66, 67, 72, 73, 539, 542-543
- adjustable braces for contractures, 85, 546, 560, 563-564
- ankle straps, 116, 541, 548
- backstops to control foot problems, 545
- below-knee brace, 30, 67, 70, 72, 111, 116, 148, 150, 160, 171, 225, 539, 542, 543, 550
- body brace (jacket), 73, 539, 558
- different kinds, 539-540
- evaluation for, 30-32, 66-73, 106, 526-529, 539
- fitting leg braces, 542, 556
- foot lifts, for one leg that is shorter, 549
- for a weak knee, 545
- for cerebral palsy, evaluation for braces, 106
- for club feet, 115-116, 568
- for correcting contractures, 85-86, 148, 150, 541, 563-564
- for foot problems, 72, 116, 118, 121, 160, 225, 539, 545
- for hip problems, 156
- for neck, arthritis, 152
- for polio, evaluation for braces, 66-73
- for spina bifida, 171-172
- for spinal curve, 73, 164, 539
- for TB of the spine, 166
- hand splints and braces, 148, 150, 221
- how to make metal rod braces, 542-549
- how to make plastic braces, 551-558
- knee hinges, 546
- knee pieces (straps), 542-543, 548
- leg-separating braces, 156, 539
- low-cost braces and splints, 540
- night brace for toot and hip rotation, 539
- precautions concerning braces, 106, 526-529
- shoes and clogs for braces, 544
- (Also see Body braces)
Brain damage
- as cause of blindness, 245
- as cause of cerebral palsy, 91
- as cause of fits, 233
- as cause of stroke, 55
Breast feeding, 321
- to help prevent disease and disability, 74, 321
- with cerebral palsy, 87
- with cleft lip and palate, 120
- with Down Syndrome, 281
Breathing problems and assistance
- holding breath during tantrums, 363
- in polio, 59
- in muscular dystrophy, 109, 111
- in spinal cord injury, 182
Brittle bone disease (Osteogenesis impertecta), 125
Burns and Burn Deformities, Chapter 28
- healing of burns, 231-232
- in persons who do not feel, 181, 185
- prevention of burns, 232, 428
- prevention of scarring together of skin at joints, 231
Bursitis, 131
C
Calipers (See Braces)
Carrying children with cerebral palsy, 100, 303
Casts
- for arthritis, 147
- for club feet, 115, 566-568
- precautions, 197, 561-562
- for hip problems, 156, 158
- for correcting contractures, 84-86, 560-562
Catheter, 204-208
Causes of disability, Chapter 3
- from birth defects, 119-124
- medical and surgical errors, 16, 19, 91, 126, 192
- misuse of medicines, 15, 19
- pesticides and poisons, 15
- poor nutrition, 13
- poor sanitation, 13
- social causes and poverty, 13, 14
- war and terrorism, 20
- (Also see individual disabilities)
Centers of rehabilitation (See Community Directed Programs)
Cerebral palsy, Chapter 9
- activities for, 96-100, 105, 302-305, 308-315
- aids, 323, 326-327, 329-332
- and deafness, 261
- athetosis (uncontrolled movement), 89
- balance problems (ataxia), 90
- bathing, Chapter 39, 345, 346, 348
- books on cerebral palsy, 638
- carrying positions for, 100, 303
- causes, 91
- caution on use of development activities, 301
- communication, 106
- contractures, 101-103
- corrective actions and positions, 95-103, 334
- developing skits, 106
- different types of cerebral palsy, 89
- dressing, 334- 336,Chapter 37
- drinking, 326
- early development, 104-105
- early signs, 87
- feeding a child with cerebral palsy, Chapter 36, 87, 92, 323, 326, 329
- improving body control and balance, 105, 299, 306-307, 310-312, 316
- jaw control, 323-324
- medicines, 91
- moving about, 93
- physical examination, 24, 40, 41
- positions for feeding, 322-323, 325, 326
- prevention, 107-108
- record sheets, 39-41
- sell care, 106
- spasticity, 87-106, 89, 346
- special seating and wheelchair adaptations, 285, 323-325, 329, 591, 607-612
- toileting, 342, Chapter 38
- tongue thrusting, 324
- tying shoes with one hand, 336
- walking, possibilities for, 93
- (Also see Chapter
33-Chapter 43,Chapter 5,Chapter
62- Chapter 66,Chapter 8
and pages marked with
in the margin)
Child development, Chapters 34 and 35
- books on development, 640
- causes of slow development, 287, 289
- development of self-care skills:
- toileting, Chapter 38
- eating, Chapter 36
- dressing, Chapter 37
- bathing, Chapter 39
- early stimulation, Chapter 35, 289, 295
- evaluating child's physical and mental development, 49-50, 292-294
- guidelines for helping a child's development, 297-299
- normal child development, Chapter 34, 290-293
- toys that help development, 316-318
Child development activities
- for body control, balance and sitting, 306-308
- for crawling, 309-310, 436
- for standing, walking, and balance, 311-312
- for communication and speech, 313-315
- to encourage rolling and twisting, 301, 304-305
- to develop gripping, reaching, and hand eye coordination, 301-302, 305-306
- to develop head control, 302-303
CHILD-to-child activities, Chapter 47
- Activities about disabled children:
- how introduced, 428
- list of disability-related CHILD-to-child activities not included in this book, 427-428
- purpose, 428
Children, advice about whether to have and with whom, 112, 124, 242, 281
Chlamydia, as a cause of blindness, 245
Cleanliness (See Bathing)
Cleft lip and cleft palate, 119, 120
Club feet, information about, Chapter 11, 114
Communication, what is it, 257
- activities for developing communication and speech, 313-315
- aids, 106, 263, 578
- development of early skills, 260-262
- for the deaf child, Chapter 31
- for children who hear but cannot speak, 261, 274
- normal development of speech, 313
- oral communication, 263-264, 274
- total communication, 263-265
- warning about methods with deaf children, 264
- with hand signs, 266-273
- (Also see Deafness)
Community and the Disabled (Social Factors), Chapter 44
- attitudes of community toward the disabled, A-5 to A-7, 531-532
- blind children in the community, 246-247, 255
- building on skills, knowledge, and resources of the people A-1 to A-2, A-10 to A-11, 264, 505
- community participation, 405
- community support for the family of a severely disabled child, 283
- cruelty and misunderstanding, 246, 247, 402, 413, 427, 531-532
- deaf children in the community, 258-261, 264, 276
- epilepsy (fits) and community, A-5, 242
- helping children understand the needs of disabled children (See CHILD-to-child, Chapter 47)
- leprosy and the community, 226
- local beliefs (See Traditional beliefs, customs, attitudes)
- need for disabled to organize, A-4, A-5, 16, 20, 404, 409, 532
- overprotection, 403
- social needs of disabled child, Part 2, Chapter 44,Chapter 47, 401, 404, 415
- (Also see Education)
Community Directed Programs, Chapter 55
- Centre for Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (Bangladesh), 509, 518
- Community-directed Rehabilitation Development (Pakistan), 328, 407, 499, 510, 511, 520
- Los Pargos, 499, 517
- Operation Handicap Internationale (OHI) Artificial Limb Program (Thailand, Kampuchea), 521, 628-631, 634
- Organization of Disabled Revolutionaries (Nicaragua), 407, 482, 483, 519
- Project PROJIMO (disabled villager-run rehabilitation program in Mexico-See PROJIMO)
Community theater (See Popular theater)
Community-Based Rehabilitation (See Village-Based Rehabilitation)
Condom catheter, 207
Constipation (See Bladder and bowel management)
Contractures, Chapter 8, Chapter 59
- difference from spasticity, 79
- examination and measurement of, 79-80
- exercises and activities to combat contractures, 138-152, Chapter 42
- how muscle imbalance causes contractures, 78, 139
- how joint pain causes contractures, 138
- joint capsule contractures, 80
- knock-knee contractures, 81, 93, 101, 103
- methods for correction, Chapter 59
- prevention and management, 81-86
- range-of-motion testing, 79
- skin contractures, 231-232
- when not to correct them, 72, 183
- when there is spasticity, 102-103
- with polio, 59, 61, 63, 66
- with cerebral palsy, 101-103
- with juvenile arthritis, 138-139, 147-149
- with spinal cord injury, 181, 184
- with an amputated leg, 229
Contractures, multiple, from birth (Arthrogryposis), 122-123
Cretinism (hypothyroidism), 282
- crutch tips, 587
- deciding between crutches and canes, 143, 393, 526, 587
- measuring and fitting, 393, 584
- modified as walker, 579, 581
- precautions with underarm crutches, 393, 526, 584
- story about making crutches, A-1 to A-2
- (Also see Walking aids)
Cushions and padding, for wheelchairs, 184, 200, 201, 607, 609, 624
D
Deafness, Chapter 31
- books on deafness, 639-640
- causes of deafness, 258
- common signs, 269-273
- different ways to help a child communicate, 263
- difficulty in communication, 257
- hearing aids, 262
- helping a child hear better, 262
- helping child learn to make sounds and speak, 274
- how deafness affects a child, 257-259, 447
- lip reading, 275
- lip reading compared to sign language, 264
- National Association for the Deaf, 260
- prevention, 276
- sign language, 266-273
- total communication, 263-265
- with dwarfism, 126, 258
- with cretinism, 258, 282
Deformities
- due to loss of feeling and infection, 159, 167, 173, 215, 222
- from birth, (See Birth defects)
- of the back spina bifida, Chapter 22
- spinal curve, Chapter 20
- TB of the backbone, Chapter 21
- of mouth and lips, 119, 120
- of hands, 119-121, 159, 281
- of feet and toes, 120, 121, 167, 173, 281
- of leprosy, 215, 218, 222-223
- prevention, 223-225
Development (See Child development)
Developmental delay, Chapter 34 (Also see Chapters 32 and 33)
- activities to help develop basic skills, Chapters 35-40
- causes of developmental delay, 278, 289
- evaluation of child, 36
- in cerebral palsy, 87, 104
- in deaf children, 257
- record sheet and chart for developmental delay, 22, 37-38, 292-293
Diarrhea, rehydration drink, 108
Diplegic, what is it, 90
Disabilities, Adapting the home and the community, 485-490
- books about, 637-642
- evaluating which deformities to correct, 530
- evaluation of child's progress, Chapter 5
- examining and evaluating the disabled child, Chapter 4
- helping teachers and children understand disabled children, , Chapter 47
- identifying disabilities, Chapter 6
- prevention, Chapter 3, 112
- the child with several severe disabilities, Chapter 33
Dislocations
Down syndrome (mongolism), 279-281
- and flat feet, 117
- and dislocated hip, 156, 279
- and deafness, 258, 279
- difference from cretinism, 282
- prevention, 281
- signs, 279
- (Also see Development delay, Mental retardation)
Dressing, Chapter 37
- aids for dressing, 335-336
- ideas for easy dressing 335-336
- positions, 334
- special clothing and footwear, 116, 118, 189, 225, 335-336
Dry eyes (xerophthalmia, nutritional blindness), 224
Dwarfism (short height), 126
Dysreflexia, 187-188
E
Early stimulation (See Stimulation)
Education, Chapter 53
- aids for reading, writing, and drawing, 501
- CHILD-to-child activities for school children, Chapter 47
- choice of regular or special schools, 276, 497-500
- education in and out of school, 497
- schooling for blind children, 253
- schooling for deaf children, 259-276
- schooling for retarded children, 277, 280
- training opportunities for work, 512
- (Also see Stimulation, and Work possibilities and training)
Emotional problems
- of deaf child, 257-260
- of parents of a child with several severe disabilities, 283-284
- with spinal cord injury, 178-179
- with amputations, 531
- (Also see Behavior)
Epidemiology (See Frequency of disabilities)
Epilepsy (See Fits)
Equipment (See Aids and equipment)
Erb's Palsy, arm and hand weakness from birth injury, Chapter 14
Evaluation (Also see Evaluation of child's progress)
- of a child s disability, Chapter 4
- of a rehabilitation program, 480-481
- tools for measuring progress with exercise or casts, 43-48
- of child's progress, Chapter 5, 43-50, 290-296
Examination, of the disabled child, Chapter 4
Exercises, Chapter 42
- aids for, 82, 83, 229-230, 368-369, 373, 376, 388-392, 578
- arm and shoulder (Erb's Palsy), 127-128
- books on exercise, 640
- examples of exercise instruction sheets for parents, 10-11, 382-391
- exercise through daily activities, 5-8, 11, 82, 83, 128, 186, 230, 528
- exercise through fun, games, or work, 83, 128, 190, 230, 367, 369, 377, 389, 392
- following burns, 232
- for amputations, 229, 230
- for arthritis, 138-152
- for cerebral palsy, 102, 103, 105, 376, 377
- for club feet, 115
- for feet, 82-83
- for hands, 379, 391-392
- for polio, 63, 65, 69-70, 71, 75, 82, 84, 85
- for spinal curves, 164
- passive assisted, and active exercises, 373
- precautions when doing, 183, 374-376, 528
- range-of-motion exercises (ROM), Chapter 42, 224, 368, 370-373,378-381
- strengthening exercises, with motion, 139-142, 230, 367, 378, 388-391
- strengthening exercises, without motion, 132, 140-142, 367
- stretching exercises, to correct contractures, 75, 83-85, 115, 229, 368, 372, 383-385
- summary of types of exercises, and examples, 367
- to improve balance or control, 306-307, 325, 369
- to improve positions, 96, 149, 164
- when are they needed? 367
Eye problems
- blue whites of eye (brittle bone disease), 125
- causes of blindness, 15, 136, 244-245
- dry eyes (xerophthalmia), 244
- eye poking in blind or disturbed child, 247, 364
- eye to hand coordination, 40
- injuries, 223, 245
- iritis, 136, 219, 221, 246
- night blindness, 244
- puffy eyes (Cretinism), 282
- slanting eyes (Down Syndrome), 279, 282
- strange movements of eyes or lids, 40, 53, 240-241
- with arthritis, 136, 245
- with leprosy, 219, 222-223
- with Down syndrome, 245, 279
- (Also see Blindness)
F
Face, putty or round (See 'Moon' face)
Familial disabilities (problems sometimes inherited)
- birth defects, 119, 124, 162, Chapter 12
- brittle bone disease, 125
- club feet, 114-116
- deafness, Chapter 31
- Down syndrome, 281
- dwarfism, 126
- fits (epilepsy), 233-242, Chapter 29
- muscle weakness, 109-111
- muscular dystrophy, 109-111
- muscular atrophy, 111
Family Planning (birth control), 494
Feeding, Chapter 36
- best foods for baby and young child, 321
- the biscuit trick, 328
- correcting tongue thrusting, 324
- development of early skills, 319
- finger feeding, 325
- for child with cerebral palsy, 92, 319, 322-326, 329
- good feeding positions, 322-323, 325-326
- helping child learn to chew, 325
- helping spastic mouth with jaw control, 323-325
- helping child to drink, 326
- homemade eating aids, 323, 326, 327, 330-332
- importance of breast milk, 74, 321
- poor nutrition in disabled children, 320
- self-feeding, 326-327
- spoon feeding, 324
- step-by-step development of skill, 297
Financing of rehabilitation center, 482-484
Fingers, joined and deformed fingers, 120
Fits (epilepsy), Chapter 29
- and cerebral palsy, 88
- and mental retardation, 234, 240
- community acceptance, A-5, 242
- fits of anger (tantrums), 241, 362-363
- prevention, 242
- chart of types of epileptic fits, 240-241
- medicines to prevent fits, 235-239
- protection of child during fits, 235
Flat feet, Chapter 11
Flexikins, for measuring contractures, 43-48
Fluoride poisoning, 15
Foot lift, polio, 68
Foot wear
- additions, lifts, or wedges on soles, 68, 70, 117, 163, 549
- for artificial legs, 633, 634, 636
- for disabled child with special needs, 336
- for feet that do not feel, 224-225
- for fiat feet, 118
- for kidney-shaped feet, 116
- in leprosy, 224-225
- lifts on shoes for shorter legs, 549
- with braces, 116, 540-543, 544, 545, 548, 550
Frequency of disabilities, A-5 to A-8
- in boys and girls, A-12
G
Games, for learning about disabilities (See CHILD-to-child, Chapter 47)
- (Also see Toys ' Playground equipment)
Gardens and farming, aids for, 507, 588
German Measles in pregnancy, as a cause of different disabilities, 91, 119, 245, 258
Gonorrhea, in eyes, 245
- in joints, 131
Gums (See Teeth and gum care)
Gurney (See Wheeled bed)
H
Hand use and control, development of, 297, 301
Hansen's Disease (See Leprosy)
Hare lip (See Cleft lip)
Headaches, in persons with spinal cord injuries (sign of dysreflexia), 187-188
Head banging, 363
Head size, chart for recording, 41
Heart damage, in Rheumatic fever, 154
Heat treatments, 132-133
- for painful joints, 132, 372
- to reduce spasticity, 102
- with hot wax (paraffin), 132
- with hot water, 102, 132
Hemiplegic, what is it, 90
Hip problems, Chapter 18, 34
- contractures (See Contractures, hip)
- dislocated hips, 155-156, 167 (Also see Dislocations, hips)
- exercises for, 373, 377, 380,385
- hip problem with arthrogryposis, 122
- hip problem with dwarfism, 126
- hip problem from birth, 155
- hip tilt resulting from short leg, 34, 163
- Legg-Perthes disease, 158
- painful hip, 130, 155-158
- spasticity causing hip problem, 156
- telescope test, 156
- tests of strength of hip muscles, 31
- weakness, 59, 69, 71, 73
Hip band (pelvic band), 73, 539, 547
History taking (See Record keeping)
Honey and sugar, to treat burns and sores, 202, 231
Houses and community, adaptations for disabled persons, 485-490
Hydrocephalus (See Head size, big head)
Hyperactive (overly active) child, 365-366
I
Identifying Disabilities, charts for, 52-58, 130-131
Infantile paralysis (See Polio)
Inherited or familial disabilities (See Familial or inherited disabilities)
Injections, overuse and misuse, 16,18-20,60,74,192
Insoles, for the correction of flat feet, 118
- (Also see Arch supports)
- treatmemt, 137
J
Joint, contractures of (See Contractures)
- dislocated (See Dislocations)
- exercises, Chapter 42, 139-149
- fused joints, 56, 135, 137
- over-stretched joints, 28 (Also see Back knee)
- painful joints, Chapters 15-18 (also see Knee pain)
- range of motion testing, 27-29, 79
- spasticity, 89
- stiffness of joints 52, 122, 135
- stiffness with arthrogryposis, 122
Joint Pain, Chapter 15
Juvenile Arthritis (See Arthritis, juvenile)
K
Knee jerks (tendon reflex), testing, 39-40
Knee pain, as a sign of a hip problem, 157
- below-knee pain (Osgood-Slater's problem), 130
- causes of joint pain, chart, 130
- with arthritis, 135, 143-146
- with rheumatic fever, 153
Knock-knees, Chapter 11
- as a cause of flat feet, 114
- correction, 114
- with contractures, 77, 101
- with spastic cerebral palsy, 89, 90, 101
Kyphosis (rounded back) (See Spinal curves)
L
Language (See Communication Deafness)
Lapboards, tables and trays, 605-607, 611
Latrines (See Toilets)
Learning (See Development, Education, Behavioral approach to development)
Learning disabilities in children of normal intelligence, Chapter 41
Leg length, difference in 34, 61
- raised soles or 'lifts' for, 549
Legg-Perthes disease, 157-158
Leprosy, Chapter 26
- aids, 221, 223-225
- books on leprosy, 638-639
- cause, 215
- checking children for, 216, 226
- community acceptance and attitudes, 226
- deformities, causes and prevention, 222-225
- diagnosis and types of leprosy, 217-218
- toot wear, 224-225
- pressure sores (ulcers), Chapter 24, 222-225
- prevention, 226
- reactions, 219
- signs, 216
- traditional beliefs, 215, 226
- treatment, 220-221
Lift or raised soles, on shoe for short leg, 68, 163, 549
Limbs missing or cut off (See Amputations)
Lordosis (swayback) (See Spinal curves)
Love, Sex, and Marriage of Disabled Persons, Chapter 52
- Marriage and family possibilities of persons with spinal cord injury, 178
- Mentally retarded child and sex, 495
- Sex education, 496
Lying aids, 95, 96, 98, 105, 198, 199, 302, 310, 571-572, 574, 618
M
Malnutrition, and poverty 13-14
Marriage (See Love, Sex, and Marriage of Disabled Persons)
Measles, as a cause of disabilities, 91, 245
Measuring, head size, 41
- hip angle, 34, 163
- leg length difference, 34, 163
- range of motion, 43-47
- rib hump with spinal curve, 163
- tools for measuring joint positions, 43-47
- vision, 452-453
Medicine
- for acid in stomach, 134
- for arthritis, 134, 137
- for bone infections, 160
- for cerebral palsy, 91
- for eyes, 137, 221, 231, 244-246
- for fits, 237-242
- for learning disabilities and over active child, 366
- for leprosy, 220-221, 223
- for pain, 134, 137
- for prevention of polio, 74
- for rheumatic fever, 154
- for softer stool and regular bowel function, 213
- for tuberculosis, 166
- for urinary infection, 211
- overuse and misuse, 18-20, 157
- problems caused
- birth defects, 119, 239
- by aspirin, 134
- by corticosteroids, 137, 239, 246
- by eye medicines and home cures, 137, 246
- by growth hormones, 126
- by indomethacin and phenylbutazone, 137
- by phenytoin, 238
- during pregnancy, 119, 239
- swollen gums, 238
- swollen 'moon' face, 137
Meningitis, as cause of disabilities, 91, 233, 245
- signs and symptoms, 108
Meningocele (See Spina bifida)
Mental Development, evaluation, 36; chart, 293
Mental illness, 278
Mental retardation, Chapter 32
- and cerebral palsy, 87, 88, 104
- causes of, 278
- child with several severe disabilities, 283-285
- Cretinism (hypothyroidism), 282
- Down syndrome, 279-281
- helping the mentally retarded, 280-281
Missing arms, legs or body parts (See Amputations and Birth Defects)
Mongolism (See Down syndrome, 279-281)
Moon face (puffy round face), from corticosteroids, 137
Moving injured persons, 180
Multiply disabled child (See Several severe disabilities Chapter 33)
Muscle imbalance, a cause of contractures, 78, 129, 138, 183
Muscle jerking, repeated (clonus), 176
Muscle tightness (See Spasticity)
Muscle strength testing and evaluating 26, 30-33
Muscular atrophy 109, 112, 525
Muscular dystrophy, Chapter 10, 109-112, 369
Myelomeningocele (See Spina bifida)
N
Nervous system, what is it, 35
- record sheet for, 39-41
Nutrition (See Feeding, Malnutrition)
O
Occupational therapy, what is it, 3
Onchocerciasis (river blindness), 245
Operation Handicap Internationale's (OHI) Artificial Limb Program-Thailand/Kampuchea, 521-522
Oral rehydration, 108
Organization of rehab centers and programs, 477-479
Organization of Disabled Revolutionaries - Nicaragua, 519
Osgood-Slater's problem (pain below knee), 130
Osteogenesis impertecta (brittle bone disease), 125
Osteomyelitis (See Bone infections)
Outhouse (See Toilet)
P
Painkiller (See Medicines for arthritis Aspirin)
Parallel bars, 415, 417, 425, 579, 580
Paralysis (muscle weakness)
- floppy (flaccid) paralysis, 59, Chapter 7
- from arthrogryposis, 122
- from cerebral palsy, Chapter 9
- from Erb's palsy (one arm and hand), 127
- from Guillain-Barre (temporary paralysis), 54, 62
- from lathyrism, 15, 54
- from leprosy, 216, 222, 224
- from medicines or injections, 15, 18-20, 60, 74
- from muscular dystrophy, 109
- from pesticides and poisoning, 15
- from polio, Chapter 7
- from preventable causes, 15
- from spina bifida, 168
- from spinal cord injury, 175
- from stroke, 55
- from tick bite, 54
- from tuberculosis of spine, 165
- guide for identifying cause, 54-57
- infantile paralysis (See Polio)
- of hands, 5, 127, 216, 221
- progressive, 109, 216
- spastic, 90
Paraplegia, Chapter 23
- with cerebral palsy, 90
- with spinal cord injury, 175, Chapter 23
- what is it, 90
Peeing problems (See Bladder and bowel management)
People-centered approach, running a program, A-10 to A-11, 405-406, 477-481, 515-522
Phenobarbital (phenobarbitone), 236, 237
Physical development, chart for evaluation, 292
Physical examination, Chapter 4
- chart for evaluating muscle strength, 33
- for differences in leg length, 34
- for curves in spine, 34, 162-163
- of child with polio, 67-68, 69
- record sheets, 39-41
- tests for range of motion of joints, 27-29
- tests for strength of muscles, 30-33
- tests for dislocated hip, 155, 156
Paste, bandage for casts, homemade, 569
Plaster casts (See Casts)
Play and sport (See Toys)
Playground equipment, 7, 299, 312, 316, 317, 369, Chapter 46, 431
Playground for all children, Chapter 46, 414
Playthings (See Toys)
Poisoning as a cause of disability, 15
- (Also see Medicine, problems caused by)
Polio (poliomyelitis), Chapter 7
- back-knee, 61, 67, 69-70, 72, 548-549
- books about polio, 637
- braces, 30-32, 66-73
- causes, 14, 60
- common deformities, 61
- contractures with polio, 17
- disabilities confused with polio, 62
- evaluation of needs, 39, 66-73
- exercises, 63-65, 67, 69-70, 71
- foot lift for drop foot, 68
- how common, 60
- identification, 59
- other parts of book useful for polio, list, 75
- paralysis caused by injections, 16, 19-20, 60, 74
- possibilities for walking, 71
- prevention (vaccinations) 14, 16, 19-20, 74
- progress of a child with polio, 65
- rehabilitation aids, 65 (Also see Aids)
- secondary problems, 17, 61, 75
- spinal curve with polio, 61, 66
- stories of children with polio, A-1, 69-70, 356, 437-441
- treatment during and soon after illness, 63
Poor nutrition (See Malnutrition)
Popular theater, Chapter 48
- Measles Monster, 455
- A Handicapped Child Discovers New Life, 458
- CHILD-to-child role plays to promote understanding, 433, 443, 445
- children s theater, 433
- Helping Your Neighbor, 456
- role play children help child with polio, 433
- skit about injections causing polio, 16, 74
Positions,
- aids for improving position, 81
- books on positioning, 640
- for cerebral palsy, 95-98, 100, 102, 299, 315, 334, 335,607-612
- for dressing, 299, 334-335
- for feeding 322-323, 325, 326, 329
- in school, 500
- positioning in special seats and wheelchairs
589, 591,
605-612
- (Also see Seating, special)
- to prevent contractures, 81, 83
- with polio, 63, 65
- with spinal cord injury, 179, 182, 184, 198-199
Pott's disease (See Tuberculosis of the backbone)
Poverty, a cause of disabilities, 13, 165, 215
Pregnancy, precautions to protect infant, 107, 119, 281
Pressure sores, Chapter 24
- and bone infection, 159, 222
- folk treatments, 194, 202
- prevention, 173, 197-200
- treatment, 201-202
- with spina bifida, 167, 173
- with spinal cord injury, 181-182, 185, 188, 194
- with casts, 197
- with leprosy (ulcers), 215, 222-225
Prevention (Also see end of chapters on disabilities)
- of disabilities, Chapter 3, 112
- of secondary problems, 16-18
Programs of rehabilitation (See Community-directed programs)
PROJIMO-Program of Rehabilitation Organized by Disabled Youth of Western Mexico, 403, 414, 515-516
- changing attitudes toward disabled, 403
- children's toy-making shop, 463-464
- community theater production, 456-462
- help with vaccination, 16
- love, sex, and social adjustment, 491-492
- organization, management and financing, 477-484, 537
- playground for all children, Chapter 46, 411
- rehabilitation workshop, 484, 533-538
- schooling, 499
- spread to other villages, 414
- stories of persons at PROJIMO, A1-A2, 123, 150-152, 192-193, 403-404, 458-461, 478-479
- team members, Thanks page
'Welcome to PROJIMO' leaflet, 481 - wheelchairs made at PROJIMO, 613-624
Prosthetics (See Artificial legs and Artificial hands, arms, and hooks)
Q
Quadriplegia (tetraplegia), what is it, 90
- with spinal cord injury, 175
R
Range of motion exercises (See Exercises)
Range of motion of joints, methods for testing, 27-29, 79
Record keeping
- for rehabilitation workers, 22
- history taking, 22
- record sheets, 37-41
- recording a child s progress and development, Chapter 5, 294-295
- using 'flexikins', 44
Record sheets,
- 1 ) for child's history, 37-38
- 2) for physical examination, 39
- 3) for nervous system, 40
- 4) factors that affect child development, 41
- 5) for evaluation of progress (child over 5), 50
- 6) child development (under 5), 292-293
- for the costs, income, and services of a community program, 484
- for head size, 41
- purpose of record sheets, 22, 36
Reflexes, great toe reflex, 40
Rehabilitation, what is it, 3
- books about, 637
Rehabilitation workshops (See Workshops for making aids and equipment)
Retardation (See Mental retardation)
Rheumatic Fever, 129, Chapter 17
Rickets, 125
Rights and dignity of disabled persons, 13-15, 402
- disabled persons as leaders and workers of rehabilitation programs, 191, 406, 408, 515-516, 519, 521
- problem of overprotection, 403
- respecting the child's wishes, A-10 to A-11, 3-11, 525-526
River blindness (onchocerciasis), 245
Role plays (See Theater)
S
Sanitation, 13
- and polio, 60
School (See Education)
Scoliosis (See Spinal curves)
Seating, Special and adapted
- adaptations of seating aids to specific needs, Chapter 65, 589-591, 60-612
- books about seating and positioning, 604-606
- decisions about special seats, Chapter 64
- for positioning the child, 95, 323, 326, 573, 607, 608, 609, 610
- for child with cerebral palsy, 95, 97, 98, 105, 285, 308, 323, 325, 326, 329, 591, 607-612
- for spina bifida, 174
- for severely disabled child, 285
- measuring and fitting, 591, 602
- placement of straps, harnesses, body guides, 95, 326, 527, 607, 609-612
- precautions, 326, 527, 592, 615
- sitting aids, 5, 95, 97, 98, 103, 111, 308, 323, 416, 573
- sitting frames for wheelchairs, 607-612
- (Also see Wheelchairs)
Secondary disabilities, A-9
Self-care skills (See Development, self-care skills)
Self-harm,363,364 (Also see Behavior)
Several severe disabilities, Chapter 33, 433
Sex (See Love, Sex, Marriage and Disabled Persons)
Shitting problems (See Bladder and bowel management)
Shoes (See Foot wear)
Short leg (See Leg length, differences)
Shortness, short height (Dwarfism), 126
Side-lying frames, 572
Sign language (Also see Deafness)
- 263, 264, 266-273
- as part of total communication, 264, 265
- learning to sign, 267-270
- story about, 4
- useful signs, 270-273
Skin grafts, 232
Sores that keep coming back
Spasticity, 89
- difference from contractures, 28,79, 101
- in cerebral palsy, most of Chapter 9
- in spinal cord injury 176, 183
- leading to contractures, 101
- relaxing spastic muscles, 102-103
- testing range of motion in child with spasticity, 28-29
- when bathing, 103, 345
- when feeding, 103, 322-324, 326, 329
- when dressing, 334
- when exercising, 376
- (Also see Positioning, Cerebral palsy)
Speech (See Communication)
Spina bifida, Chapter 22
- aids for, 170, 171, 172, 174
- bladder and bowel management, 170, Chapter 25
- books about, 638
- contracture prevention, 171
- degrees of disabilities with, 168
- hydrocephalus (big head), 167, 169
- prevention and treatment of pressure sores, 167, 173, Chapter 24
- treatment, 169
Spinal cord injury, Chapter 23
- books about, 638
- bowel problems and control, 178, 187-188, Chapter 25
- causes of quadriplegia and paraplegia, 175
- contractures, 182-184
- early care of spinal injury, 180
- future for person, 166, 176-179, 191
- level of injury, 168,175, 176
- loss of feeling, 175
- moving and carrying an injured person, 180
- physical therapy and good positioning, 182-184
- physical re-education, 185-187
- pressure sores, prevention and treatment, 181-182, Chapter 24
- possibilities for walking, 177
- prevention, 14
- Programs run by spinal cord injured, 518-519
- secondary problems, 181
- self care, 189
- sex and marriage, 178, 492
- spasticity, 176
- urinary problems and control, 178, 181, 187-188, Chapter 25
- work by spinal cord injured persons, 179, 191, 192-193
Spinal curves, Chapter 20
- different kinds, 34, 39, 161, 162
- braces for, 164
- examining for, 34,162-163
- exercises for swayback, 164, 369
- rounded back (kyphosis), 34, 57, 161, 164
- scoliosis, 34, 56, 61, 161-164
- swayback (lordosis), 34, 57, 101, 161,164,369
- tuberculosis of the backbone, 161, Chapter 21
- with polio, 61, 66
- with spina bifida, 167
Spine (backbone) (See Spinal curves)
- bones of, 34, 161, 168,175
- deformities of, Chapter 20
- level of injury and amount of paralysis, 168, 175
- normal shape, 34, 161
Splints (See Braces)
Sport,190 (Also see Toys, Playground equipment)
Sprains, torn ligaments, 131
Standing aids (Also see Walking aids, Braces) 574-575
- aids for pulling to standing, 105, 311-312, 419, 486
- standing tables, 99, 500, 574-575
- standing frames, 99, 151, 172, 190, 500, 574-575
- standing boards, 185, 190, 574
- wheeled standing frame, 190, 229
Stimulation, activities for development, Chapter 35
- as part of CHILD-to-child, 435
- early 289-290, 291, Chapter 35
- guidelines to help a child develop, 297-299
- need for extra stimulation, 295
- of blind child, 247, 248, 290
- steps in designing an early stimulation program, 296
- toys for early stimulation, 317, 468-470
- (Also see Child Development)
Stories, list of stories in this book, 12
Strange movements
Strength of muscles (See Exercises)
Strep throat, as cause of Rheumatic Fever, 153
Stump care, after amputation, 228-230
Surgery
- for amputation of arms or legs, 230, 532, 625
- for bone injections, 160
- for burns and burn deformities, 232
- for cerebral palsy, 91
- for cleft lip and palate, 120
- for club feet, 116
- for Down syndrome, 281
- for hand problems, 120, 232
- for hip problems, 156, 158
- for hydrocephalus, 169
- for polio, 63
- for pressure sores, 202
- for spina bifida, 156, 169, 173
- for spinal cord injury, 176, 181
- for spinal curve, 164
- for tuberculosis of spine, 166
- to correct contractures, 17, 63, 84
- to correct deafness, 262
- warnings and Precautions, 17, 63, 84, 530
- Swallowing difficulty, with cerebral palsy, 322-324, 326
- Swayback (lordosis) (See Spinal curve)
- Swimming, for therapy and fun, 65, 133, 143, 158, 432
T
Tables and Trays (See Lapboards)
Tantrums (fits of anger), 362, 363
Teaching, training (See Education)
Tendon reflexes (See Knee jerks)
Tetanus, 233
Tetraplegia (quadriplegia), 90, 175
Theater (See Popular theater)
Therapy, Chapter 1
Therapy baths (See Water therapy)
Tick paralysis, 54
Tires (tyres), use of old car and bicycle tires and inner tubes, 418-425
- for exercise aids (tubes) 148, 373, 376, 422, 576
- for playground equipment, 418-425
- for rehabilitation aids, 105, 148, 150, 200, 201, 344, 346, 421, 545, 587, 590, 595-597, 601, 616, 621, 624, 631, 634, 635
- for shoes, sandals, and clogs, 225, 543-544
Toes, deformed toes, 121
Toilet training, Chapter 38, 577
- books on toilet training, 641
Toilets, potties, and latrines
Tools and equipment
- for an aids-making shop, 536
- for making plastic braces, 551
- for making toys, 465-466
- for making wheelchairs, 614
- for measuring joint positions and contractures, 43
- (Also see Measuring, tools for, 43-48)
Toys
- a children's workshop for making toys, Chapter 49
- books on toys, 641
- children making toys, 356, 365, 463, 464, 467, 468
- for bathing, 347
- for early stimulation, 317, 468-470
- for toilet training, 341
- ideas for homemade 'music', 469
- ideas for homemade toys, 299, 317, 365, 463, 468-476
- playthings and games, 463-476,Chapter 49
- to encourage looking and listening, 317, 468-469
- to help understanding, 429-431, 442-444, 447-450
- tools needed, 465-466
- toys for blind child, 248, 249, 252, 254, 265
- toys to develop hands and mind, 316, 317, 318, 468
- toys to promote child development, 316-318
- toys used to evaluate disability, 25-26
Traditional beliefs, customs, attitudes, A-5, A-6, 226, 242, 244, 402, 531, 532
- attitudes about amputation, 531-532
- attitudes about leprosy, 226
- causes of fits (epilepsy), A-5, 242, 402
- causes and treatments of blindness,244-246, 247
- disability as punishment, A-5 to A-6, 402
- evil spirits, A-5, 402
- sex, marriage, and disabled persons, 491
Traditional cures and therapy
- chia seed for dirt in eye, 246
- for burns, 232
- for pressure sores, 202, 231
- shit around eye for clouding, 246
Training possibilities (See Work possibilities and training)
Transportation off roads
Trolley (See Wheelboards)
Tuberculosis of the backbone, Chapter 21, 161
Tuberculosis of the joints, 131
Tubes of old car and bicycle tires, uses for (See Tires)
Tyres (See Tires)
U
Urinary infections, 167, 170, 188, 210-211
Urinary problems (See Bladder and bowel management)
V
Vaccination (immunization)
- against polio, 14, 74
- keeping vaccines cold, 74
- precautions, 20
- why vaccination programs sometimes fail, 14
Village-based Rehabilitation, Chapter 45
- bottom-up or top-down approach, A-3, A-4, 405-406
- children's workshops for making toys, Chapter 49
- CHILD-to-child activities, Chapter 47
- community participation, 405
- community-run rehabilitation centers:
- disabled persons as program leaders, 409
- growth through popular demand, 414
- home-based rehabilitation, 409
- organization, management and financing, Chapter 50
- popular theater, Chapter 48
- program evaluation, 480-481
- record of work and service, 484
- referrals, 410, 412
- setting goals, 407
- the agent of change, 408
- use of playgrounds, Chapter 46
Villager-run rehabilitation program (See Community-directed programs)
W
Walking, aids, Chapter 63
- adapting walking aids, 106, 581, 588
- canes and walking sticks, 251, 587
- crutches, 584-586 (Also see Crutches)
- examples of walking aids, 99, 106, 150-152, 249, 312, 415, 417, 425, 435, 518, 523, 579-588
- for arthritis, 149-152
- for spina bifida, 172
- walking stick for blind person, 251
- (Also see Braces)
Walking, possibilities for
- with cerebral palsy, 93
- with polio, 71
- with spina bifida, 168
- with spinal cord injury, 177, 179
- (Also see Walking aids)
War as cause of disability, 20
Water therapy, exercising in water, 133, 143, 151, 432, 519
- for children with arthritis, 133, 144
- improved access to river, 133
- sun-heated tubs, 133
- tubs, tanks, and pools, 133, 144
- (Also see Heat treatment)
Wax therapy (See Heat treatments)
Weakness
- progressive, of muscular dystrophy, 109
- progressive, of leprosy, 216
- with arthritis, 137, 138-140
- (Also see Paralysis, Polio)
Wedges (sloping supports for lying on),95, 96, 111, 416, 571-572
- for spina bifida, 172
- on rough and smooth ground, 98
- standing wheelboard for amputee, 229
- wheelchairs with lying board, 229, 618-619
Wheelchair
- adaptations for cerebral palsy, Chapter 65
- adapting to local needs, 590
- advantages and disadvantages, 594-601, 613
- AHRTAG wood wheelchair, 526, 592, 594, 600, 604,615
- armrests, 599
- at ground level, 572, 590, 604
- better to buy or to make one? 592-593
- books on wheelchairs, 604-606
- brakes, 601, 623
- caster hub and forks, 597, 619, 623
- common problems with wheelchairs, 592
- correct positioning for sitting, 589, 591, 605, 607-612
- cost, 592, 603, 615, 616, 617, 618, 620
- cushions, 184, 200-201, 343, 607, 609, 624
- design choices for parts, 590, 594-601, 613
- design for a straight-leg sitting frame, 612
- designed to meet each child's needs, 591, 607-612
- designs for 6 basic wheelchairs, 614, Chapter 66
- examples of hand-made wheelchairs, 98, 430, 518, 519, 590, 592, 594, 595, 599, 600, 604-608
- fitting the chair to the child, 591, 602, 607
- folding mechanism, 599, 622
- foot rests, 229, 600, 619, 622
- hand rims, 601
- hand-powered wheelchairs and tricycles, 604-606
- hubs, axles, and wheel mounts, 597-598, 615, 623
- including the child when planning, 526
- metal tube folding wheelchair, 622
- placement of straps and body guides, 609-611
- plywood frame wheelchair, 527, 620-621, 624
- precautions with, 592, 612, 615
- rebar and woven plastic wheelchair, 616
- seats and backs, 595, 623
- setting up a village wheelchair shop, 603, 614
- square metal tube wheelchair, 617
- tables, trays, and lapboards, 604-605, 607, 611, 621
- tools needed for making wheelchairs, 614
- transfers (getting in and out), 394-397
- wheelchair with lying board, 190, 229, 618-619
- wheels and tires, 596-597
- with built-in toilet seat, 189, 343, 621
Work: possibilities and training, Chapter 54
- adaptations for farming and gardening, 505, 507-509, 517, 588
- alternatives to farm work, 508
- different work disabled people do,509
- examples of disabled persons working, 6-7, 11, 83, 93, 105, 110, 128, 151-152, 186, 190, 192-194, 202, 212, 280, 355, 356, 365, 367, 401, 405, 419, 467, 508, 509, 512-514, 517, 518, 522, 524, 526, 531, 535, 538, 540, 588, 590
- for blind persons, 255, 507, 509
- for retarded persons, 280, 509
- home businesses, 508
- learning skills for a role in community, 506
- market place crafts out of junk, 510
- self-employment, 508-510
- sheltered workshops, 513
- training, 512
Workshops for making aids and equipment, Chapter 57
- income producing activities, 534
- layout of work space, 535-536
- learning skills, 537
- management and job assignment, 537
- purpose, 533
- the building, 534
- tools and equipment, 536
X
Xerophthalmia (dry eyes), 244
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