CHAPTER 65
Adaptations for Wheelchairs and Other Sitting Aids
Many children need more support or special positioning than is usually provided by a regular chair or ordinary wheelchair. So we should try to get or make a chair designed to fit the individual child. Unfortunately, many children get wheelchairs that are much too big. Often no others are available. Here are 3 ways to adapt them.
| 1. If a folding chair is too wide, make the
cloth seat and back narrower. The chair will not open as wide
(but may be too high).
Be sure to check how well the child can reach to turn the wheels. |
| 2.If the chair is too big from front to back,
or if the child needs a better position, try a wedged cushion
and padded backboard.
Some children need straps across their hips or ankles to keep a good position. (See the precaution on Page 589.) |
| 3. If still more help is needed for
positioning the child, make a sitting frame
designed to meet her needs. Here is an example. CAUTION: Not all children will need all the special features shown here. Some will need still other features. Adapt special features to the needs of the particular child, and test them before making them permanent.
The sitting frame can be used on the ground.
It can be placed in a chair (or strapped into the seat of a car).
It can be fitted into a wheelchair.
Or make a simple wood wheelchair with all the features of the sitting frame (see Page 620 and 621). |
Seating adaptations for specific children
The various adaptations discussed here are designed to meet specific needs of individual children, especially children with cerebral palsy. Remember that each child's needs are different, and adaptations that are not carefully fitted to the needs of the child may do more harm than good.
- Carefully consider the child's specific needs before including any adaptation or special seating.
- After making an adaptation, evaluate how the child uses it.
- Check often to see if it continues to help the child. An adaptation for a growing child may help her progress at one stage of development but hold her back a few weeks or months later.
General position
We have talked about this a lot, but it is worth repeating:
Most children who require special seating sit best with their hips, knees, and ankles at right angles.
A chair shaped like this may cause a child with spasticity to stiffen and straighten, or cause a severely paralyzed child to slip forward and slump.
ANGLE OF BODY AND HEAD
A slight backward tilt helps most children sit in a better, more relaxed position.
If the child still falls or stiffens forward,
it may help to tip the chair back even more.
However, this may cause his head to lean back so his eyes look upward.
A head pad may help position him to look forward, and may decrease some spasticity. It can also reduce spasticity in the eye muscles.
The heads of babies and small children may be so big that the headrest tilts them forward so their eyes look down.
Putting the headrest behind the level of the backboard lets the child hold her head in a better position.
REMEMBER: All the seating ideas shown on these pages apply to wheelchairs, and also to special seats without wheels. |
Other ways to help keep hips at a right angle
HIP STRAPS
If the hips tilt back like this, a high hip strap will not help much.
A low hip strap helps keep the hips at a good angle.
But if the hips tilt forward like this, a low hip strap will not help much.
a low hip strap will not help much.
A high hip strap helps keep the hips at a better angle.
Notice that in both of these children with cerebral palsy, supporting the hips in a better position helps the whole body take a more normal position.
SPECIAL CUSHIONS
For the child whose hips tilt back, or whose upper body is 'floppy', a padded support across the lower part of the back may help her keep a good position.
| Good cushions sometimes make straps unnecessary. |
See next page.
Note: Cushion designs for spinal cord injury are on Page 200.
Keeping the body straight from side to side
Even with a firm board seat, this boy's body sags to one side.
This can lead to increasing curve of the spine (scoliosis).
Hip guides may help him sit straighter.
Sometimes, hip guides alone are not enough.
He may also need carefully placed body guides, to help keep his
body in a straighter position.
Deciding where to place body guides
1. Look carefully at how the child sits.
2. Draw a sketch of how he sits. Then draw arrows where you would need to push to help him sit straighter.
3. While someone holds the child in his best position, mark where you think the guides should be placed.
4. First, build in the guides in a temporary way.
5. See how well the child sits in the adapted seat. When you cannot improve it more, fasten the guides firmly and pad them so they do not hurt him.
An 'H' harness, with straps that pass through slots in the backboard, is another way to help hold steady the body of a severely disabled child. |
Carefully evaluate what kinds of support each child needs.
Maria's legs straighten, press together, and turn inward. Her whole body position is affected.
Pedro is a heavy child whose body stiffens and his knees push open
A hip strap holds her hips back some but does not help her overall position much.
However, a backboard that bends her hips more, plus a knee post, help improve her whole body position- without straps!
A combination of a backboard with guides, a special cushion and a knee block does not help him.
However, a hip together with blocks outside his knees gives him a much better position (He may also nee toot straps.)
SHOULDER-BLADE WINGS
Pablito's spastic muscles pull his shoulders back and make it hard for him to bring his hands together in front of him. The village team had an idea.
LAP BOARDS
These can be made from thin wood, plywood, or fiberboard. They should be easy to take off, but grip firmly when in place.
You can make a simple instrument out of cardboard or stiff paper to measure the child's body for cutting out the lap board.
A lap board can help keep shoulders, arms, and body in a better position, especially if it has a part cut out measured to fit around the child.
'Velcro' (stick-to- itself tape) can be used to fix the board to the chair for easy removal - and to adjust it forward or backward.
Be sure to put the softer part of the Velcro on the chair arms. The rough parts could scratch the child when the board is not used.
Height of the lapboard is usually the same as for armrests (see Page 602). Experiment to find out what works best.
DESIGN FOR A WHEELCHAIR INSERT
This insert, from Positioning the Client with Central Nervous System Deficits, provides a lot of control, and is especially useful for some children with spasticity. Although it was designed as an insert for a wheelchair, you can use it as the frame of a wooden wheelchair, or chair without wheels built for a specific child.
| Measurements are given in centimeters (cm.). To change to inches, divide by 2.5. |
DESIGN FOR A STRAIGHT-LEG SITTING FRAME
(mostly for very young children)
To seat the child, the frame can be put on the ground, a table, a chair, or into a wheelchair.
DESIGN FOR AN ADAPTED CASTER CART (WHEEL BOARD)
Use the same suggestions for supports, guides, and straps.
Note: The child's weight is over the large wheels. He can rock from one caster to the other. For travel over rough ground, he will learn to balance on the center wheel and barely touch down with the others.
| CAUTION: Be sure to add cushions or adequate padding to all seating designs. Children whose bodies push in uncontrolled ways can very easily develop pressure sores (see Chapter 24). |
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