After-Thoughts:
Communication as if ALL People Matter

The Communications Age: Still a Need for Simple, Clear Alternatives

Some say we now live in The Age of Global Communications. The owners and decision-makers of our shrinking earth communicate with one another, world-wide, through computers, fax machines, and electronic mail (e-mail). They say that those who do not master the New Communication Technology will be left behind.

In fact, much of humanity has already been left behind. Today there are more hungry children in the world than ever before - not because of a lack of food and resources, but because of the growing inequality of distribution of resources. The model of global development based on greed rather than need has led to a brutal concentration of wealth. Today the world's 477 richest people (billionaires) have a total wealth greater than that of the poorest half of humanity. Most disabled people belong to this poorest half.

For the poorer half of humanity, communication tools remain basic. Most of the world's people - including most disabled people - have no access to computers, e-mail, or the Internet (a world-wide electronic information-sharing network). They still communicate with one another simply and directly, sharing information through spoken words, signs, pictures, gestures, and expressions.

This book has been written for disabled people and those concerned for their well-being. Most such persons lack costly communications equipment. They learn primarily through spoken and printed language, pictures, and direct hands-on experience.

One of my own biggest challenges as a health educator and disabled activist has been to demystify medical and technical knowledge and present it so that persons with little formal education can use it. The books that have grown out of this process include Where There Is No Doctor, Helping Health Workers Learn, and Disabled Village Children.

In preparing these books, my co-workers and I have tried to follow a few basic guidelines for making them readable, interesting, and useful, including for those who do not have a lot of practice reading. These guidelines are on the following page.

Suggestions For Effective Information-Sharing in Print

1.Use lots of pictures. A picture is worth 1000 words.

*  Simple line drawings are very useful for showing ways to do things. Try to make drawings of people realistic and attractive.

*  Photographs add life. They help to make messages and alternatives more believable.

*  To hold the attention of those who do not read much, try to use pictures on almost every page. Persons who are not used to using an index can flip through the pages, looking at the pictures to find the topic they want.

2.Keep language simple. Avoid specialized terms and big words. Say things in the day-to-day language of ordinary people. If you do use a less familiar term, explain it when you first use it. A list explaining difficult words may help.

3.Keep sentences and paragraphs short. Try to limit sentences to about 20 words. Look for ways to break longer sentences into shorter pieces. Also break up long paragraphs.

4.Add human interest. Use personal stories and real-life examples. In presenting information and innovative approaches, give examples of how persons have used and adapted them. Include enough details so the persons described seem human and interesting.

5.Present information simply, but not simplistically. People with little formal schooling are just as smart as anyone else. Often they have more skills for meeting basic needs (for example, producing food) than do scholars. Speak to them IN their terms and ON their terms, as equals. Do not talk down to them. They can understand complex ideas if you start with what they know, and build on that.

6.Develop and test the materials with a number of intended users. Be sure to include users or readers who have little formal education, or know least about the subject matter. Ask them if they understand it, enjoy it, and find the information or ideas important and useful. Ask what they like most, and what they like least about it, and if they have any suggestions for making it better.
 

7. Use bolding, BIG PRINT, italics, shading and boxes to emphasize important points. Also use "bullets" and arrows.

Resource List 1

Programs and Organizations Promoting Innovative Technologies

This is a partial list of organizations and programs that help in developing assistive equipment at the community level. Included are programs that run training workshops or welcome apprentices who want to exchange ideas and explore "appropriate technologies." Some associations or parent organizations are listed that may be able to provide more local information and addresses in different countries. Those that contributed to the information in this book are marked with an asterisk (*).

Resource List 2

Reading and Teaching Materials

This is a short list of writings and teaching materials about or relevant to innovative technologies for disabled persons. Many of these writings share the vision of self-determination and enablement that are encouraged in this book. For a more complete list of early writings (before 1987) on ideas and aids for community based rehabilitation, see the Reference List in Disabled Village Children (see below). For more up-to-date lists, write to AHRTAG, TALC, Handicap International, or ICTA. Their addresses can be found below in the entries marked with an asterisk (*). The addresses are also in Resource List 1, pages 341-342.

* Appropriate Paper-Based Technology. Slide show. Available from Teaching Aids at Low Cost (TALC), PO Box 49, St. Albans, Herts, AL1 5TX, UK. Price 4.50 pounds for self-mounted slides, 6.20 pounds for mounted slides.	* Appropriate Technology - an essential part of a CBR programme, by Tomas Lagerwall. 1995. 21 pages, free. ICTA Information Center, Box 510, S-162 15, Vallingby, Sweden.
Asia-Pacific Disability Aids and Appliances Handbook. 1982. 84 pages. ACROD, P.O. Box 60, Curtin, A.C.T., 2605, Australia.	Behold Your Body: Anatomy and Physiology Anyone Can Enjoy, Volume One, by Charlene Penner. 1996. 400 pages. Rose Bud Publishing, 17126 Mt. Woodson Road, Ramona, CA 92065, USA. US$34.95.
"Build Yourself" Plastic Wheelchair. Directions for assembly available from Spinal Research Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.	* Disabled Village Children: A guide for community health workers, rehabilitation workers and families, by David Werner. 1987. 664 pages. Available in English and Spanish through HealthWrights, P.O. Box 1344, Palo Alto, CA 94302, USA., or through TALC, PO Box 49, St. Albans, Herts, AL 5TX, UK. Also available - from other sources - in French, Portuguese, and other languages. Write HealthWrights for information.
* Essential CBR Information Resources: an international listing of publications. 1996. 34 pages. AHRTAG (Appropriate Health Resources and Technologies Action Group), Farringdon Point, 29-35 Farringdon Road, London EC1M 3JB, UK. AHRTAG also produces several basic books on low-cost aids. These include: Personal Transport for Disabled People Alternative Limb Making How to Make Simple Disability Aids Low Cost Aids All these books are also available from TALC, PO Box 49, St. Albans, Herts, AL 5TX, UK.	Functional Aids for the Multiply Handicapped, by Isabel Robinault, Harper and Row, Hagerstown, MD, USA. (Mostly factory built examples, but some good design ideas.)
Guidlines for the Prevention of Deformities in Polio. World Health Organization, 1995. 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.	Handling the Young Cerebral Palsied Child at Home, by Nancy Finnie. Dutton Sunrise, 2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA, 1975. 337 pages. Excellent, very complete information for home care, with many simple, practical aids and devices.
Helping Health Workers Learn, by David Werner. 1982. 632 pages. Available through HealthWrights, P.O. Box 1344, Palo Alto, CA 94302, USA. People-centered methodologies. Useful section on Child-to-Child.	Independence through Mobility, A guide to the manufacture of the ATI-Hotchkiss Wheelchair, by Ralf Hotchkiss. 1985. 162 pages. Available through Wheeled Mobility Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco CA 94132, USA.
The Jaipur above-knee prosthetic systems: fabrication manual, by M.K. Mathur. 1989. 47 pages. SMS Medical Centre, Jaipur 302 004, India.	The Lever-Powered Tricycle, Manufactured in Burkina Faso. 1995. 100 pages. Handicap International, ERAC, 14, Avenue Berthelot, 69361 Lyon, cedex 07, France. Price 55 FF. Handicap International (HI) also has many excellent booklets and videos on appropriate technologies for disabled persons, including artificial limbs, braces, wheelchairs, and crutches designs. Write HI for a list.
Local Production of Appropriate Technical Aids for Disabled People, Report from a Rehabilitation International workshop in Kibwezi, Kenya. 1992. 32 pages. ICTA Information Center, Box 510, S-162 15, Vallingby, Sweden.	Making Health-Care Equipment: Ideas for local design and production, by Adam Platt and Nicola Carter. 1990. 80 pages. Intermediate Technology Productions. 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK. (Good wheelchair, convertible wheelchair-tricycle, and many other designs.)
A Manual: Appropriate Paper-Based Technology (APT), by Bevill Packer. Revised 1995. 120 pages. Intermediate Technology Publication , Ltd. 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK.	More With Less: Aids for Disabled People in Daily Life, by Gery van der Hulst and others. 1993. TOOL Publications, Sarphatistraat 650, 1018 AV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
A Plastic Caliper for Children, by Handicap International staff at its Pondicherry, India branch. Available through Handicap International, or from ERAC, 14 avenue Berthelot, 69361 Lyon cedex 07, France.	Positioning the Client with Central Nervous System Deficits: The wheelchair and other adopted equipment. Andrienne Falk Bergen and others. Second edition 1985. 237 pages. Valhalla Rehabilitation Publications, PO Box 195, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
Promoting the Development of Young Children with Cerebral palsy: A Guide for Mid-Level Rehabilitation Worker, World Health Organization, 1993. 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.	Questioning the Solution: The Politics of primary Health Care and Child Survival, by David Werncr and David Sanders. 1997, 2oe pages, HealthWrights, P, O. Box 1344, Palo Alto, CA 943oa, USA.
Rehabilitation technology in community-based rehabilitation: a compendium, by S. Olney, T. Packe and U. Wyss. Kingston, 1994. 212 pages. Available from School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queens University, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.	Special Seating, by Jean Anne Zollars. Second edition 1992. 92 pages. Otto Bock Orthopedic Industry, Inc., Rehab Publications, 3000 Xenium Lane, Minneapolis, MN 55441, USA.
Teaching Yogasana to Mentally Retarded Persons, by Vijay Human Services. 1988. 120 pages. Krishnamacharya Yoga Maniram, 13 Fourth Cross Street, A.K. Nagar, Madras 600 028, India.	Training in the Community for People with Disabilities, by Einer Helander et al. 1989. 582 pages. Available in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Tricycle Production Manual, by Annemiek van Boeijen, Joep Verweij, et al. 1996. 110 pages. CICAT/DUT Stevinweg l, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. Joep Verweij and friends have also put together an excellent Inventory of Tricycle Models with examples and photos from around the world. For additional tricycle design resources, see page 202.	UPKARAN: A manual of aids for the multiply handicapped. 106 pages. Spastics Society of India, Upper Colaba Road, Opposite Afghan Church, Colaba, Bombay, 400-005 India.
We can play and move: a manual to help disabled children learn to move by playing with others, by Sophie Levitt. 1992. 56 pages. Available from TALC, PO Box 49, St. Albans, Herts, AL 5TX, UK.

INDEX

This INDEX lists in alphabetical order most of the topics and names included in this book:

	Names of PERSONS who appear in the stories are listed in the Index like this: CARINA; CONCHITA LARA, EDGAR; MARI PICOS (first names first).
	Names of assistive devices and technologies appear like this: braces, communication boards, wheelchairs.
	Names of different disabilities or problems are listed like this: blindness; speech problems, spinal-cord injury.
	Names of "books" are listed like this: "Handling the Cerebral Palsied Child at Home."
	Names of organizations are listed like this: Handicap International, People Potential.
	All other entries are listed in ordinary letters, like this: India, land mines, women's rights.

A

Abandonment, 308, 335

ABEL, 267

Abuse by authorities, 260-261, 197

Academia de Inglés Golden Gate, 205, 315

Accessibility, 13, 199, 231, 227

Accidents, 183, 207, 239, 258, 282, 331

Action on Disability & Development, 202, 341

AFO (ankle-foot orthosis), (see Braces)

Africa, 11, 27, 65, 173, 188, 191, 199

AHRTAG (Appropriate Health Resources and Technologies Group), 202, 341

AIDÉ, 221-223

Aids and equipment, (see names of equipment. Also see Harmful devices)

Ajoya, Mexico, 1, 275, 302, 319, 338

ALAIN CANE, 178

Alcoholics-and-Drugs-Anonymous, 268

Alcoholism, 2, 268, 304, 319, 198, 307

ALEJANDRO, 197-200, 205, 261

ALICIA, 149-151, 153-154

AliMed, 101

ALONZO, 213-216

ALVALO, 260

AMELIA, 40

Amnesty International, 260

Amputation, 107, 296, (also see Legs artificial)

care of stump, 180

of hands or arms, 256, 260

from land mines, 173, 178, 180

wheelchair for person with, 189

ANDRÉS, 137-139, 330

Anemia, 77

ANGEL, 269-270

Anger, and depression, 235, 239

Angola, 135, 173-182

disabled people's organization in, 179

ANN HALLUM, 21, 23, 103, 137, 181, 292

Apprenticeship, 2, 4

"Appropriate Disability Design," 135

Appropriate Mobility International (AMI), 203-204

Appropriate paper-based technology (APT), 65-74;

instructions for, 72

paper and cardboard devices include:

	carseat and back-pack seat, 74
	carrying-seat, 74
	chair-insert, 74
	cushions, 157, 162-163, 188
	helmet, 70-71
	pottery, 255
	special seats, 66-68, 72, 333, 335
	standing frame, 69
	stool, 65
	swing, 74
	toys and animals, 65
	walkers, 74

Appropriate technology, 184, 257

not always appropriate, 225

Arab marketplace, 135

Arch-supports, 83

Arm rocker, for a paralyzed arm, 175, 311

ARMANDO NEVÁREZ, 20, 23, 39, 81, 98, 100, 102, 110-111, 200, 222, 258

Armrests, 59-60

Art work by disabled children, 313-3l4

Arthritis, 135, 201, 256, 294, 338

Artificial leg, (see Legs, artificial)

Asia, 28, 119, 185

"Asia-Pacific Disability Aids and Appliances Handbook," 202, 343

Assistive epuipment, (see kind of equipment)

Athetosis, (see Cerebral palsy, athetoid), aids for coping, 34, 61-62, 312

Attendant, disabled persons as, 211, 306

Attention span, improvement in, 215

Attitude of general population, 6-7

Awareness-raising, theater skits for, 278

B

Back-brace cribs, and beds, 131-132

Back-knee position, 16, 87, 89-90, 94-95, 128, 139-142

Backrests, 37, 43, 194, 196

Baker's cyst, 94

Balance, activities to improve, 139, 320

Ball games, for therapy and fun, 183, 270, 320, 328-329

Balloons,

for making paper maché toys, 65

for making pottery, 255

for pressure testing, 159-164

Bamboo,

artificial legs, 113, 180

flex foot, 5

for playground equipment, 288

Bangladesh, 4, 15, 19, 112, 156, 194

Barriers,

physical and social, 195, 333

stairs, 230

Basic health needs, 8

Basketball, 283

Bearings for wheelchairs, 184, 188

Indian ox carts, 188

rod or needle bearings, 188

used as wheels, 174, 178

Bed, for back-straightening, 132

Bed board, jointed, adjustable, 242

Bed sores, (see Pressure sores), 155-157

Bed-table, 245

Belize, 4, 43-45

BENG LINGUIST, Swedish activist, 261

BENO, 219

BEVILL PACKER, 65

BIANCA, 23, 285

Bicycle wheels, 18

Blacksmiths, 191

Bladder management, 147-148

Blindness, (see Visual disability)

Blood pressure, measurement of, 158

Board-walk balance game, 320-321

Body jacket, 131

Body language, 142, 147, 165

Bone, conversion of flesh into, 235

Bone infection (osteomyelitis), 107, 296

Book-keeping, record-keeping, 165, 280

Bounce-bed, 133-134

Bow legs, 98, 175

Bowel program to avoid accidents, 310, (also see Urine and bowel control)

Braces,

with adjustable heel bars, 140-142

to correct club feet, 97-102, 105

to correct contractures, 84, 98, 103

floor-reaction brace, 95

for back-kneeing, 89-90, 94, 140

for paraplegics to walk, 16, 232-233

for pushing the knee backward, 95

hand braces, 143-144, 146

long-leg brace, 90, 95-97, 100, 310, 336

metal brace, 83, 95, 97, 336

muscle-assist brace, 96

night brace, 99, 336

plaster molds for, 102

plastic bucket braces, 89-90, 175

plastic cups used for braces, 16, 82

plastic pipes for, 91

plywood, adjustable braces, 84

polypropylene plastic brace, 16, 84-88, 93-96, 98-102, 142, 154, 271

pre-molded components, 91, 101

telescoping brace, 101

tricks for putting on, 127

wooden forms for making, 91

Braille, 5, 295, 299, 313

Brain damage, 130, 207, 291, 253, 335

Brazil, 4, 162, 164, 262, 333-336

Breathing difficulties, 78, 311

Broken bones (fractures), 149, 239

BRUCE CURTIS, 23

Buckets, plastic, (see Plastic buckets)

Bullet wounds, 97, 165, 253, 260-261, 271, 278-279, 308

Burkina Faso, Africa, 202

Burundi, Africa, 11, 27

Business skills, 280

C

CACHITO, 311, 313

Calipers (see Braces), 83

Cambodia, 115-116

Cameroon, 199

Campaign to Protect Turtles, 313

Canada, 173, 296

Canes, 139, 174

Capoeira, 262

Car with hand-controls, 312

Cardboard aids, (see Appropriate paper-based technology), 66-74

CARINA, 33-36

CARLA, 93

CARLOS, 207-218, 222-224, 294

Carpentry skills, (see work, carpentry)

Cast-holding clamp, 102, 115-116

Caster wheels, 53, 183, 185-186, 223, 247

Casting of foot, aids for, 89, 141

Castor oil catheter lubricant, 233

Casts, serial, (see serial casting)

CATA, 293

Caterpillar for teaching to count, 331

Catheterization, 147-148, 197, 240

castor oil lubricant, 233

CBR, (see Community Based Rehabilitation)

"CBR News", 136

CBR Training Course in Brazil, 333

CECILIA RODRIGUES, 21, 100, 214, 278, 281

CELIA, 57

Center for International Cooperation and Appropriate Technology, 204

Center for Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP), 15, 19, 112, 156, 194, 341

Central America, 4, 33

Cerebral palsy, 12, 27, 32-33, 150, 262, 277-278, 288

athetoid, 34, 61, 93, 312

diplegic, 89

floppy (flaccid, low muscle tone), 34, 40, 47-49, 54, 56, 66

seats for, (also see Special seats), 26-40, 47-51, 55-64

spastic, 225

problems with dressing, 127

walking aids for, 53, 93, 312

Che, 253, 278

Checkerboard, children making one, 245

Chepa 23, 149

Child care, 338

Child development, 30

Child-to-Child, 281, 285-332, 334, 338

disabled children helping each other,

	Carlos and Alfonzo, 217-218
	Manolo and Jorge, 304-306
	Manolo and Luis, 301-303
	Manuel and Fernando, 320-332
	María and Gustavo, 337
	Miguelito and Teresa, 294
	Vania and Jésica, 307-310

Children as rehab helpers, 46, 66, 69, 213, 289, 292, 294, 302, 306, 320

Children, not sacks of potatoes, 26, 334

Children's Toy-Making Workshop, 290, 305, 319

China, 186

CHIRO, 300, 317-318

CHITO, 320, 322-324

CHON, 23, 70

Christian Medical College, India, 231

Christmas dinner for lonely old folks, 259

Circle drawer, for wooden wheels, 177

CISAS (Center for Health Information and Advisory Services), 286, 295, 341

CLETO, 256

Club feet, 90, 97-102, 105, 292, 307, 340

Coconut fiber cushions, 15

Communication boards, 138, 330

Communication in print: guidelines, 339

Communicating with eyes, 335

Communicating with signs, 139, 324, 330

Community Based Rehabilitation (CBA), 2, 6, 9, 10, 13, 18, 27-28, 43, 162, 172, 265, 333, 337

Community health workers, 71, 256

Community, help from, 71

Community participation, 6

Community rehab centers, need for, 265

Community respect, winning it, 259

Compass, home-made, 177

CONCEPCIÓN, 4

CONCHITA, 3, 20, 22, 113-114, 127, 219, 265-266, 269, 280, 296, 308

Contractures,

extension-contractures, 242

of knees, ankles, and feet, 19, 52, 84, 98, 103, 125, 241, 244, 336

of hips, 35, 128, 181, 219, 241

ways to correct

	with casts, 103
	with boards, and on trails, 84
	with braces, (see Braces)

Control for sitting and moving, 61

Cookbook-like instructions, danger of, 240

Cooking, 15

Cooperative action, 9

Coordination, ball games to improve, 328

CORDE (National Coordination for the Integration of Disabled People), 333

Corruption, 260

Craft skills, 255, 276, 278, 313

Cretinism, 216

Cruelty or kindness, 83, 269, 286

Crutch-walker, 220

Crutches, 16, 175, 181, 220, 232, 310

poorly adjusted, 181, 273

CRUZ, 66

Culturally-adapted devices, 14-19, 119

Cushions, to prevent sores, 156-157

cardboard, 65, 157, 162-163, 198

coconut-fiber, 156, 194

inner-tube, 15, 156-157, 194

Roho (air-filled), 157

testing of, 160-163

to prevent pressure sores, 155

D

DALIA, 59

Dancing, from wheelchairs, 300

DAVID WERNER, 1, 9, 13, 21-22, 83-88, 158, 231, 322, 333;

Sósimo's sketch of, 313

DAVIDICILLO, 338

Deafness, 8, 139

Dehydration, 152

Delft University of Technology, 203

Demystification of knowledge, 82, 339

Department of Human Services, USA, 261

Depression, 77, 235, 239, 241, 265

Development, greed-based and need-based, 339

Development Workshop (NGO), 173, 178

Developmental delay, 49, 57, 59, 304, 322

Devices and aids, (see kind of device or problem), (also see Harmful devices)

Diabetes, 114, 130, 268

Diarrhea, 8, 214

DIEGO, 109, 112

DINORA PERAZA, 311, 315

DIONICIO GONZÁLEZ, 23, 330

Disabilities, acceptance of, 80

Disability Rights Movement, Mexico, 261

Disabled activists, 21, 80, 261, 287, 333

Disabled gangsters, 267-268, 270-272

Disabled people as equal partners, 1, 4-5, 13, 30, 333, 339

Disabled People International (DPI), 6, 10, 13, 179

"Disabled Village Children", 1, 27, 30, 57, 84-85, 89, 147, 180, 226, 238, 242, 286-287, 334, 339, 343

Disabled women protect village doctor, 260

Discovering joy in life, 241

Discovery-based learning, 128, 286-287

Dislocation, of ankle, 86

DOLORES MESINA, 199, 261

DON CASTON, 31

DON MIGUEL, 21, 23, 201

DOÑA TOÑA, 307

Donkey, instead of wheelchair, 16

DORA, 77

DOUG, 262

Down's syndrome, 275

Dressing skills, 33-36

with quadriplegia, 166-168

Drugs, 236

drug-control efforts and troops, 260

drug trafficking, 2-3, 267-271

and violence, 2-3, 22, 235, 267

Drunkenness, 3, 198, 253, 268, 304, 307, 319

E

Early developmental activities, 292

Eating end drinking aids, 79, 146

Ecology and wildlife, 312

Economy, non-formal, 276

international free-market, 275-276

EDGAR, 49-53, 70-71

Education, 13, 296-300, 308, 311-312, 315, 319, 337

EFRAÍN ZAMORA, 23, 88, 126, 292

Egypt, 18, 188

Elbow stabillizer, 79

Elderly people, concern for, 259

Electric jig saw, 322

Elevator, gravity-powered, 227-229

EMA, 337

Employment, (see work), 13, 276

England, 23, 74

Epilepsy (fits), 70

Equal opportunity, 6, 13

Equality, the struggle for, 266

Equino-varus, (see Club feet), 105

ERNESTO NAVARRO, 23

Europe, 4, 23, 286

EVA, 131-134

Evaluation

devices for special seating, 41

devices for standing frame, 45

therapeutic activities, 273

through play with toys, 291

Exercises, 150

for an amputated leg, 181-182

children's help with, 292

to correct contractures, 84

faulty advice for, 181

to bring back flexibility, 235-236

for hip flexibility, 16, 168, 292

functional and fun, 84

leg exercises after stroke, 140

range of motion, 181, 270

truck-under-the-bridge game, 272

Ezekiel wheel, 183

F

FAGO, JOHN, 5, 115-116

Family Development Program (DIF), 261

FARAH, 18

FÁTIMA, 40

Feeling, loss of, 130, 155, 201, 239, 307

Feet, used like hands, 264, 340

that turn inward (pigeon-toed), 97, 105, 109, 325-327

FERNANDO, 319-332

Fever, 152

Finger contractures, making use of, 167

Fish-scale flowers, 312

Flex foot, 5

Flexikin, 125-126

FLORENTINO, 113

Foam plastic, uses of, (see Plastic, foam)

Foam-rubber "thongs," use of, 175

Foot-drop, 16, 86, 140, 241, 244

Foot-positioning devices,

for casting foot, 103-104

for turned-in feet, with cross-bar, 105

with plastic bottle(s), 105-106, 109

Foot protector, plastic bottle, 107

Footboard, pulled by a rope, 244

Footrests, 189, 210, 236

Foreign debt, 267

Forward-tilting seat, (see Positive seating)

France, 192, 203, 299

Freedom of movement, 31, 183

Friendships, (see Child-to-Child)

Front-wheel drive wheelchair, (see Wheelchair, front-wheel-drive)

Functions, human body, 125-128

FUNLAR, program in Brazil, 274

G

Gait training, with muscular dystrophy, 269-271

Gandhi Rural Rehab Center, 91-92

Gangsters, disabled, 267

transformation of, 268

as therapists, 270-272

Gap between rich and poor, 199, 267, 339

Garbage, as a resource, 79, 173

GENE RODGERS, 143-146

GEOFF THOMSBY, 199

GERONIMO, 334

Golden Gate English Academy, 205, 315

Goodness, seeds of, 268

GOPI, 120

GORDI, 292

GOYO, 275

Gripping, aids for, 143-144, 146, 165

Guadalajara, Mexico, 77, 268

Gumeys, (also see Wheeled cots, Trollies), 19, 78, 108, 191, 197, 241, 296, 308-309

adjustable, for standing, 149

jointed, 235-238, 246-248

one-arm drive, 246-248, 253-254

urine collection devices, 198, 237-238

Gymnastic rings, 11, 58, 306

H

Hand control,

improving, 56, 322-324, 328-329, 331

problems, 146, 166, 221

toys to develop, 290-291

Hand-eye coordination, 335

Hand-grips from ceiling, 277

Hand-rims, on inner side of wheels, 221

Hand "shoes," 175

Handicap International (HI), 92, 124, 202

Hands, paralyzed, 167

Hansen's disease (see Leprosy), 201

Hard technology, 8

Harmful exercises, 181

Harmful or inappropriate devices,

arch supports, 83

braces, 83, 91, 96-97

casts, 103

catheters, 147

crutches, 273

foot positioning, 109

parallel bars, 11

special seat, 26-28, 66, 293

stroller, 57, 59, 334

walker, 219

wheelchairs, 14, 18, 61

Head control problems, 334

checking, 37

improving, 37-38, 47-56, 133, 337

HealthWrights, viii, 301, 341, 343-344

Heel-bar brace, 142

Heel-cord stretching aids, 317-318

HELIODORO, 281

Helmets, cardboard head protector, 70

"Helping Health Workers Learn," 287, 339

Hemiplegia, 253, 278

Hemiplegic (one-arm drive) wheelchairs,

commercial type, 249

village-made, 249-250, 253-254

HERBERT EVEREST, 183

"Hidden Sisters: Women and girls with disabilities in Asia and the Pacific," 19

Hinges for bedboard, cloth and cord, 242-243

Hip,

band, 64, 97

fused (frozen), 235

hip-flexion contractures, 219-220, 241

stiffness, 35, 242-243, 246-247

stretching exercise, 220

support, 67

Holistic ("whole person") approach, 241

Holland, 199, 203

Home-making skills (cooking, cleaning, laundry), 277

Honey and sugar treatment of pressure sores, 156, 165, 242, 251-252, 308

Horse-back riding for disabled child, 303

Hostel for disabled children in Brazil, 334

Hot weather and urinary infection, 152

Hotchkiss, Ralf, (see RALF HOTCHKISS)

House With No Stairs, 17, 342

"How to Make Basic Hospital Equipment," by England and Eaves, 202

How to Use This Book, v

Human body, functions of, 125, 130, 343

Human rights abuses, and defense against, 197, 260-261

Hunger adds to disability, 9, 199, 334

Hydrocephalus (water on brain), 133, 293

Hydrogen peroxide, to clean catheters, 148

Hygiene, 59

Hypersensitivity (pain at slight touch), 241

I

Importance of listening, 83

Improving body position, wedges and supports for, 43-44, 335

Inappropriate technology, 11

Income-generation activities, (see Work)

Independence from one's own family, 265

"Independence Through Mobility," 185-188

Independent Living movement (IL), 10, 13, 172, 261-262, 265, 333

India, 4, 75, 91, 95, 119, 188, 203, 231-234, 263

Indian ox carts, roller-bearings in, 188

INEZ LEÓN, 21, 107, 140-141, 200, 209, 217, 222, 274, 278, 281

Infections, urinary, 147, 149, 152-154, 197

prevention of, 149-154

Injections, cause of disability, 107, 296, 307

Inner tubes, uses of

air cushion, 156, 194

contracture-correcting device and brace, 30, 98-99

exercises, 181-182

gripping tools, 146

muscle-assist brace, 96

rocking horse, 331

toilet, 194

writing and eating aids, 146

Innovative participatory technology, 4, 13

Institutional care, 265, 334, 337

Integration into,

schools, 287, 296-300, 337

society, 6-7, 256

Intermediate Technology International, 205

International law, 180

International Year of Child, 1979, 286

Interplast, (International Plastic Surgery), 236

Intravenous fluid (IV) tubes, 159

"Inventory of Tricycle Models," 203

Invitation to Readers, viii

Iodine, need for, during pregnancy, 216

IRMA LLAVIÓ, 21, 40, 195

ISABEL, 162

J

JACINTO, 293

JAIME TORRES, 21, 195, 200, 209, 235, 247, 277

Jaipur foot and leg, 95, 119, 121, 343

JANAKI, 112

JAVIER VALVERDE, 23, 115, 307

JAZMÍN, 37-40

JEAN ANNE ZOLLARS, 23, 30, 42

JÉSICA, 307-310

JESÚS, 105, 107-108, 154, 202, 262, 281, 295, 296-300, 317

Jigsaw puzzles, 291, 305

JOÃO, 336

JOEL, 80

JOEP VERWEIJ, 203

JOHN FAGO, 5, 115-116

JORGE, 302-306

JOSÉ ANGEL TIRADO, 205, 315-316

JOSÉ, the child, 3

JOSÉ DANIEL, 238

JOSÉ, man with stroke, 137-142, 330

JUÁN MORALES, 23, 31, 104, 210

JUDY HEUMANN, 261

JULIO PEÑA, 23, 165-168

K

Karate, 262-264, 322, 329

KENNETT and JEAN WESTMACOTT, 23, 33, 72, 74, 135, 146, 173-174, 178, 206

Kenya, Africa, 27, 191

Kidney problems, 149, 152, 197

KIM LESTER, 74

Knees,

bending backward, 16, 87, 89-90, 94-95, 128, 139-142

bowing, 175

contractures, 296, 336

knee-pads, 231, 264

problems, 93

torn ligaments, 128

L

Ladder for gait training, 325

Land mines, 173, 178, 180

Language,

keeping it simple, 340

problems in children, 33, 59, 61, 66, 75, 109, 150, 213, 319

with stroke, 137-138

testing understanding, 137-138

Latin America, 4, 119, 185, 286

Latrine, (also see Toilets), 233

Laws protecting small farmers, 267

Leaf-on-a-stick balancing act, 271

Learning, by doing, 277

from mistakes, 181, 221, 223, 277

Learning problems, 207, 319, 331

Leg and foot problems, 81-128

Leg braces, (see Braces)

Legs, artificial, 113, 119-124, 180

pre-fab, adjustable, 180

bamboo 113, 180

stump-cast clamp, 113-116

exercises to prepare for, 181-182

fiberglass and resin, 113, 117-118

great need for limbs, 180

Jaipur foot and leg, 119-120

metal and leather, 113, 118, 180

Mukti plastic pipe leg, 119, 121-124

wooden, 113, 180

Legs, elastic spiral for pigeon toes, 110

LEOPOLDO LEYVA, 23, 259, 306

Leprosy (Hansen's disease), 103, 130, 135, 146, 201

Life-enabling functions, 275

Lift (elevator), 227-229

Lifting a person with a sling, 153

Liliane Fonds, 199

Limbs, artificial, (see Artificial legs)

LINA, 284

LINO, 219-220

Listening, 33-34, 62, 226, 271

LLUVIA NEVÁREZ, 20, 23, 138, 258, 291

Look at my strengths and not at my weaknesses, 286, 295, 300

Los Pargos, 299, 311-314

Louis Braille, 5, 299

Love, sex, marriage, 175, 198, 266

Lubricants for catheters, 233

LUIS, 265

LUPITA, 211, 222-223

LUZ, her story, 17-18, 190

Lying down, aids for, (see Prone boards, Gurneys, Scooters)

M

MAGUI, 338

Mainstreaming in school, 287, 337

Maji Mazuri, 9

"Making Health Care Equipment," 205

Malawi, Africa, 206

MANOLO, 301-306, 332

MANUEL and FERNANDO, 320-325, 328-332

MANUELLA CAMPISTA, 23, 154, 322-323

Marasmus (wasted condition), 334-335

MARCELO ACEVEDO, 21, 23, 84-90, 96, 104, 113-118, 141, 220, 227, 229, 259

MARCOS, 171

MARGARITA, 105-106

MARI PICOS, 3, 20, 43, 47, 70-71, 77, 97, 109-111, 127, 133-134, 158, 258, 269, 304-305, 309, 319-322

MARÍA DE JESÚS LEYVA, 23, 274

MARIELOS ROSALES, 22, 279

Marijuana, 236

MARIO CARRASCO, 22, 38, 78, 245, 270-273, 279-280

MARTHA HEREDIA, 21

MARTÍN PÉRES, 22, 227, 235-237, 254, 268

MARTÍN REYES MERCADO, 23

MARTÍN REYES MILLÁN, 23, 71, 213

MARYBETTS SINCLAIR, 269

Massage therapy, 154, 269

Matari Valley, Kenya, 9

Mattresses, 156, 239, 242

Mazatlán, Mexico, 199, 219, 278, 299, 307, 311-315

Measles, disability caused by, 150

Measuring and fitting devices,

seats, 42-44

standing frames, 45

MEENA DADHA, 121

MEIR SCHNEIDER, 269-270

Meningitis, disability caused by, 291, 296

Mental disability, 74-75, 133, 207, 216, 221, 275-276, 301-306, 337, 339

Mentally handicapped girl assists multiply-disabled child, 337

Merry-go-round as therapy, 54

Mexico, 4, 16, 20, 116, 207, 276

and moral economic crisis in, 2, 199, 260-261, 276

independent living movement, 21

Mexico City, 85, 282

MICHAEL HEINRICH, 23, 158-159

MIGUEL ZAMORA, 20, 266, 277

MIGUELITO, 277, 294, 315

MIKE MILES, 172

Ministry of Justice, Brazil, 333

Ministry of Social Affairs, Angola, 179

MIRA, 15, 18-19, 192

Mistakes, (see learning from mistakes)

MMG O'Neil Catheterization System, 148

Mobility, (see Wheelchairs, Tricycles, Trollies, Gurneys, Scooters)

Model home with adaptations, 277

Molded bed, 131

MONA, 108, 149

MONICA ROOK, 23, 43-45

"More with Less," 146, 344

Moses, 178

Mothers of disabled children, 335

Motorcycle

for transporting wheelchair, 172

with 6 wheels, 312

Mountain climbing, in basket, 143

with braces and rocker-bottom shoes, 88

in wheelchair, 145

Mouth, used for gripping, 144-146

Mouth control, 335

Mud seats and other aids, 75-76

Mudguard on wheelchair, 59

Mukti limb, 119, 121-124

Multiple sclerosis, 77

Multiply-disabled children, 133, 207, 221, 296, 333-335, 337

Muscle imbalance, 97, 181

Muscular atrophy, progressive, 83, 277, 311-318

Muscular dystrophy, 267-273, 299-300,

children as teachers, 299, 313-318

increasing the child's physical ability, 267, 269, 273, 311

Myositis ossificans (flesh turning to bone), 235

N

NADU, 75-76

Nails, for wheel bearings, 188

Needs, identifying, 11, 33

Neglect, 150, 335

Nepal, 74, 143

Nervous system, anatomy of, 137

complications of damage to, 129

NETO, 93-94

New Legs for Nomads, 115

"Newsletter from the Sierra Madre", viii, 301

Nicaragua, 184-185, 286, 295, 297

NOÉ, 89-90

Non-spill tray, 136, 175

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 267

Notepad, for communication, 138

for blind student, 299

"Nothing About Us Without Us," 13, 261

O

Occupational therapy, (see also specific activities), 150-151, 285, 288-289, 294, 320-331

Old tires, uses of, (see Tires, old)

OLIVER BOCK, 23, 82, 88, 301

OMAR, 32

Organization of Disabled Revolutionaries (ORD), 184-185

Organizational skills, 278, 280

Orthopedic appliances, (see Braces)

Orthosis, floor-reaction, 95

Orthotist (brace maker), 143, 301

Osteomyelitis, (also see Bone infection), 107, 296

Osteoporosis, (bone weakening), 149

OSVALDO, 21, 239-249

Otate, (bamboo-like plant), 139

Ovens, for heating plastic, 89-91

Over-protection, 32, 216, 265, 269, 304, 319

Overhead bar, to hang toys from, 39-40, 49, 55, 134, 293, 335

P

PAFUPI, 206

Pain

from arthritis, 201

functions of, 130

in paralyzed, hypersensitive hand, 241

while urinating, 153

Painting

the playground, 281

toys, for fun and therapy, 323

Paintings and art by Sósimo, 313-314

Pakistan, 91, 172

Palestine, Arab markets in, 135

Paper-based aids, (also see Appropriate paper-based technology), 65-74

Paper maché, 65, 73, 255

Parallel bars, 11-12, 93, 100, 208, 216, 219, 289

problems with, 11

Paralysis, (also see Polio, Spinal-cord injury, Cerebral palsy, Spina bifida)

of hands, 143, 165-168, 239, 253

on one side of body, 139, 165-168, 253

from stroke, 139, 278

Paralyzed arm, with hypersensitivity, 239-241, 244, 246, 248, 258, 279, 307

Paraplegia (paralysis of lower body), 165, 232, 238, 245, 265, 308

Paraplegics who walk, 16, 231-233

Parapodium (frame for walking), 80, 220

Parental domination, 304

Pargobus, 314

Pargos (organization of disabled children and youth), 299, 311-316

Participatory problem solving, 1, 82, 84-85, 242

Peer, assistance, counseling, and therapy, 3, 20, 167, 211, 268, 312

Pen-holders, aids for gripping, 143, 144, 146, 165

PENINA, 9

People Potential, 23, 74, 135, 206

PERAZA FAMILY, 311-316

"Personal Transport for Disabled People: Design and Manufacture," 202

PETER and MARIANNE WEST, 135-136

PETER PFAELZER, 185

Philippines, 17

Physical barriers, 7

Physical therapists as teachers, 21, 137, 278, 289, 292

Physical therspy, 140, 154, 292, 294

(also see Exercises), 216-218

for muscular dystrophy, 269-272, 317-318

for stroke 140

Piaxtla, Project in Mexico, 65, 84-85, 286

Picture boards and note pads, 137-138, 330

Plaster casts and molds, 89, 102-104, 114, 121

foot-positioning device, 103-104

Plastic,

bottles, to position feet, 105-106, 109

bottles, to protect feet, 107

braces (calipers), (see Braces)

buckets for braces, 82, 89, 96

buckets for seating, 29

cups for leg braces for babies, 82

foam-plastic, uses of, 79

	for hand control, 79
	for seats, 75, 82
	for tables, 82, 179

IV tubing, 163

pipe for braces and limbs, 91-92, 121-124

plastic rivets, 126

zip-lock bag, for catheters, 148

Play therapy, 270

Playground tor All Children, 32, 54, 58, 270, 281, 288-289, 317, 319

equipment made by children, 32, 288

equipment made by a father, 317

Playground in Thailand, 54, 288

Playing ball for coordination, 328

Playmates as therapy helpers, 319-332

Plywood seat, 66

Plywood skeleton, 126-128, 336

Pneumonia, 311

Polio, 20-21, 85, 95, 261-262, 278, 292, 304

POLO RIBOTA, 22, 100, 104, 109, 214

Polyethylene pipe, for limbs, 121

Polypropylene plastic, (see Braces)

Positive public image, 257

Positive seating (forward-tilted seat), 36, 42, 47-51, 62, 225

cardboard, 68

does not always work, 54, 62

for which children, 48

Posture drooping, 40, 47-49, 54-55

Potatoes, children not sacks of, 26, 334

Pottery-making, 255

Poverty, 2, 8-9, 333

Powerlessness, 241

Pressure sores, 15, 19, 103, 105, 107, 130, 147, 155-157, 235-243, 246, 251-252, 282, 296, 307, 309

causes, 155, 158, 307-308

cushions to prevent, (see Cushions)

death from, 268

gurneys, (see Gurneys)

and nutrition, 251

prevention, 155, 161-162, 196

treatment, 239-241, 309

	evaluations, 252
	honey, 156, 165, 242, 251-252, 309
	papaya "milk," 156
	summary of methods, 251
	surgery, 79, 236-237

Wheelchair to protect from, 78, 165, 196

Pressure testers to prevent sores, 158-164

Problem solving, participatory, 1, 82, 85, 242

PROJIMO, viii, 1-4, 20-23, 33, 38, 40, 71, 267-268

Christmas for old folks, 259

early years, 304

Prone-boards (for position and control, lying down), 343-344

Prosthesis, (see Legs, artificial)

Psycho-social disability, 3, 268

Psychological problems, 70, 77, 149, 153

Puzzle-making, 279, 291, 322

Puzzles, for learning numbers, 331

PVC pipe, for braces, 82, 91-92

Pyramids, rollers for building, 188

Q

Quadriplegia (paralysis in arms and legs), 130, 143, 165-168, 279, 282

"Questioning the Solution," 180, 344

QUIQUE, 3, 23, 268, 282

R

RAFA, 23, 245, 279

RALF HOTCHKISS, 4, 17, 23, 158, 183-190, 192-193, 195, 198, 236, 254

RAM, 232

RAMONA, 295-299

Ramps, 7, 31, 175, 230

for fun and therapy, 288, 317

Range of motion exercises, 52, 270

Rattles, 290-291

RAÚL, 97-102

RAYMUNDO HERNÁNDEZ, 23, 82, 94, 196

Record-keeping, for contractures, 125

Recreation, 13, 245, 283-284, 288-291, 294-295, 3O2-303, 306

Red Cross, 180

Rehabilitation as empowerment, 333

Rehabilitation engineering, 236

REINDER VAN TIJEN, 227

RESCU, in Zimbabwe, 187

RESNA (Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America), 158

Rett Syndrome, 78

"Return to Life," 20, 266, 344

RICARDO, 300, 317-318

Rights of the Disabled Child, 286

Rings, gymnastic, 11, 58, 306

RITA, 16, 18

Rivets, plastic, for Flexikin, 126

ROBERTO FAJARDO, 23, 90, 256, 260

ROBI, 93, 96

Rocker, for paralyzed arm, 175, 311

Rocker-bottom shoes, 16, 87-88

Rocking horses, 58, 270

with old tires, 331

Role model, 294, 308, 310-313

Role playing, 297, 315

ROMEO, 168

Rope, as a walking aid, 218

for foot-exerciser, 244

for sitting up, 344

ROSA SALCIDO, 21-22, 153, 207, 211, 215

ROSAURA, 102

RUBÉN, 277

RUFINA, 61-62

Rural environment, 231, 275

Russia, 185

S

San Francisco State University, 236

Sand-bags, for seating, 46, 66

Sandal-making (also see Shoes, boots, and sandals), 98, 175

Save the Children Fund, 257

Saws, home-made, 174

Scholarships, 199, 261

Schools, 199, 261, 265, 319

child-to-child activities in family coops, 296, 311-312

integration into, 286-287, 296-300, 308, 311

Scissoring of legs, 93, 109-112

Scooters and scooter boards, 30, 174-175, 225, 264, 344

Seat-inserts, 30, 74, 333-334

Seating, (see Special seats)

See-saws, 58, 285, 289, 318

Seeing-eye foot, 224

Seeing-eye person, 211, 215

Self-abuse, 52, 70

Self-care, 241

Self-determination, 8, 10, 13, 266

Serial casting (to correct deformities), 97, 103, 105, 295, 307, 310

SETHI, DR. P.K., 95, 119

Sherpas in Nepal, 74, 143

SHIHAN HUSSAINI, karate teacher, 263

Shoes, boots, and sandals

adapted, 87-88, 97-98, 110, 175

lifts and wedges for, 87-88, 175

rocker-bottom, 16, 87-88

Shriners Hospital, in California, 315

Shunt, with hydrocephalus, 133

SIGI LESTER, 74

Sign language (self-taught), 139, 324

Simulation games, 286, 295, 297-298

Skate-board, 172

Skeleton, plywood, 126

Skills, learning, 6, 276, 290, (see Work)

Skin-pressure tester, 155-164

Sling, for lifting disabled person, 153

Smile factor, 273

Social acceptance, 6-7, 231, 256-261

Social barriers, 6-7, 256

Society for all, 6-7, 256

Soft technology, 8

Sore (ulcer), 107, 201 (see Pressure sores)

SÓSIMO, 299, 311-314

Spanish Language, teaching, 282

Spastic, (see Cerebral palsy)

Spasticity, 33-35, 57, 61, 89, 109, 149, 207, 221, 291, 296

activities to decrease, 150

reducing or controlling, 57, 61-64

using it for dressing and self-care, 166

using it to prevent sores, 165-167

Spastics Society of Tamilnadu (SPASTN), 75, 263-264

Special educators, 304

Special seats, 11, 24-79, 279, 335

adjustable, 31, 37-39, 49

with board to lift legs, 62-63

car-seat for child, 74

for a child with a large head, 293

child as a seat, 24

children improve a seat, 293

for dressing, 33-36

evaluation device, 41-44

examples, 29-31, 292

experimental approach, 47, 55

footrests, 45

headrests, 37-41, 293

inserted in wheelchairs, 30, 61-63, 335

mud seats, 75-76

overhead toy frames, (see Overhead bar)

paper-based, 65-68, 72-74

plastic bucket for seat, 29

positive seating, 47-51

possibilities, 29

problems with special seats, 27-28, 41, 57, 61, 66

sand bags, for sitting, 46

for stimulation, 56

tables for, (see Tables, for special seats)

thigh bands for athetosis, 64

wedges and supports for, 39, 44-45

with wheels, 24-25, 27, 30, 43, 50, 293

Speech problems, (see Language)

Spina bifida, 80, 103, 130, 219-220, 262, 293, 296

seating for, 293

Spinal curve, 131-134, 162

Spinal-cord injury, 147, 149, 155-168, 192, 196-197, 231-234, 239, 270, 272, 308

from falls, 265

from an injection infection, 307

pressure sores, (see Pressure sores)

wheelchairs for, (see Wheelchairs)

Sports, (see Recreation)

Spring-bed, (see Bounce bed), 133

Sri Lanka, 119, 203, 325, 327

Stairs, setting up, 227, 230

Standing

activities for, 154, 208, 325

aids, 149, 154, 183, 320-327

thrusting hips forward, 16, 220

Standing boards and frames, 52, 69, 98, 149, 279

adjustable, 45

cardboard, 69

device for evaluating, 45

mud, 75

for walking (parapodium), 80, 220

Standing wheelchair, 183

Stanford, California, 236

Sterilization debate, catheters, 147

Stigma, 201

Stimulation,

lack of, 70, 334

through movement, 55, 133

toys for, 49, 290-291, (see Toys)

Strange behavior, 70

Street children, 2, 271, 279

Strength from weakness, 259

Stroke (cerebral vascular accident), 137-142, 278

anger with, 137-138

gait (walking) problems, 137-142

language problems, 137-138

leg braces for, 140-142

Strollers, 57, 59, 334

Stump care and exercise after amputation, 180-182

Stump-cast clamp, 113-116

Suggestions by reviewers for this book, 117, 181-182, 273

Suggestions For Information-Sharing in Print, 64, 181-182, 340

Suicide, 20, 241, 265, 282, 308

Survival first, 8-9

SUZANNE LEVINE, 20, 344

Swallowing trouble, 334

Sweating, loss of ability, 152

Swimming and therapy tank, 289

Swings, enclosed, 32, 57-58, 288, 318

paper-based, 74

rotary swing, 294

T

Tables,

for special seats, 30, 51-52, 55-56, 66-68, 74, 78-79, 179, 293

for wheelchairs, 30, 51-52, 63

TACHO, 294

Teasing, 269, 301

Technologies, (see specific kinds)

for appreciation and equality, 256

simple and complex, 172

soft and hard, 256

Teeter-tottor, ( see See-saws)

Tendon transplants, 97

TERE, 43, 104, 208, 211, 222, 228, 268

TERESA, girl with arthritis, 294

TERESA PAEZ, social worker, 311-312

Thailand, 54, 203, 288

Theater skits for awareness, 278, 286

Thigh band, 64

Third World, 155, 184, 192, 195

Thrasher Research Fund, 4

Tibial torsion, 101, 110, 325

TINÍN, 25, 40, 54-55

Tip-toeing, correction of, 93, 288

Tires, old, used for:

hand shoes, 175

playgrounds, 57-58, 289, 331

rocking horse, 331

seats, 57-58

swings, 57-58, 285, 289, 318

wheelchair wheels, 177-178

Tires, for wheelchairs, (see Wheelchair tires)

Toilets, 15

built into a walker, 213-214

inner-tubes for, 15

in trollies and wheelchairs, 15, 192-194, 213

wooden portable, 212

Toilet training, 212-215

Tomás Magallanes, 161, photo p.81

TOÑO, 23, 47, 292

Tools, home made, 174, 206

Torsion cables (twist hoses), 110, 325

Toy making shop, 272, 290-292, 308, 322

Toys, 290-292

for better hand control, 290-291

hanging from overhead bar, 39-40, 49, 55-56, 134, 291, 335

for stimulation, 49, 290-291

Traction problems and solutions, 18, 183, 186, 202-203, 223-226, 233-234, 343

Traditional village for rehab training, 231

Training manuals, 11, 13, 339, 343-344

Training workshops

Angola, 173 (see Chapter 29)

Brazil, 162, 164, 333 (see Chapter 50)

India, 231

Mexico, 4, 296

Nicaragua, 295

Transfer board, 168

Transfer seat, (see jump seat), 192

Transfers,

assisted, 153-154

to bed, or wheelchair, 151, 192

wheelchair to walker, 210, 213

Transportation, 170, 172, 199

Trash, (see Garbage), 173

Trays, non-spill, 135-136

Tree planting project, 312

Triangle for gripping, on rope, 243, 251

Tricycle, hand-powered, 199-206

automatic steering, 234

examples, 202-203, 225, 233, 243

for good traction, 202, 233-234, 343

lever-powered, 199-203, 255

motorized, 172

for narrow trials, 206

strengths and weaknesses of, 200

with trailer (cart), 201

"Tricycle Production Manual," 204

Tricycle-Wheelchair, convertible, 205

Trolley (wheeled bed), 15, 19, 78, 194, 241 (see also Gurneys, Scooters)

Trouble-shooting faulty seating, 163

Trunk (body) control, checking, 37

Tuberculosis of the spine, 238

Turtles, campaign to protect, 313

Twist-hoses, torsion cables, 109-111, 325

U

UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), 19

UN workshop, "Indigenous Assistive Devices," 231

Unemployment, 267, 276

UNICEF, 273

United Nations, 121, 249, 261, 267

Urinals, on gurneys, 197-198, 238

Urinary infection, 130, 147-154, 197, 235, 239, 248, 282

chain of causes, 153

leg splints for, 149

prevention, 147-148, 152-154, 197

standing post for, 149

Urine and bowel control, 198, 238, 296, 307, 310

USA, 4, 188, 203, 236, 267

harm caused by US embargo, 184

V

VANIA, and JÉSICA, 307-310

Vania cares for a donkey, 309

Varus deformities, 86, 97, 105 (see Club feet)

Velcro (self-sticking tape), 43, 101, 143, 193

VICTOR, the doctor, 282

VICTOR, the teacher, 312-316

Video film-making, 280

Vietnam, 203

Village health workers, 21, 256

Violence, 2-3, 70, 180, 236, 267-268, 308

causes of, 2-3, 236, 260, 267

as a cause of disability, 2-3, 165, 173, 178, 197, 235, 253, 260-261, 267, 271

land mines, 173, 178

by soldiers and police, 260-261

Visual disability, 47, 207, 211, 262, 296-299

aids for, 298-299

	Braille, finger reading, 5, 295, 299, 313
	extra-big notebook, 298
	magnifying glass, 298
	tape recorder, 298-299
	writing board with lines of string, 298

children's suggestions for helping, 298

W

Walkers (walking frames),

brakes for, ix, 53, 217

cardboard, 74

converts to crutches, 200, 219

with foot separator, 112

as a hand support for dressing, 36

harmful, 219

metal, folding, ix, 117, 209, 312

paper-based, 74

people as, 53

with a seat, 112, 210, 213-214, 219

with toilet built-in, 213-214

wheelchair as walker, 211

wooden, ix, 53, 80, 92, 100, 111, 210, 213-214, 217, 310

Walking

activities to start, or to improve, 48, 52, 216, 320-321, 325-327

problems, 81-112, 139, 142, 178, 216

toilet in walker, 213-214

with spinal-cord injury, 16, 231

Walking aids, 80-81, 207-211, 216-219, (also see Braces; Crutches; Walkers)

cane, 139

rope, 218

stick, 3-legged, 174

War on Drugs, 260

Water

need to drink lots, 152-154, 197, 247

therapy, 207, 289

Weakness, progressive, 77, 83, 311, (also see Muscular dystrophy, Multiple sclerosis)

Weight shifting to prevent sores, 165

Welding service and repair, 259

Wheelchairs, 15-19, 169 (see Part 4), 183-196,

accessibility, 170, 172, 227, 230-231, 277

adapting for different situations, 14-19, 170-171, 192-194, 231

adjustable seat-tilt, 50

adjustable width, 17, 190

for amputees, 189

armrests, 60, (see also Armrests)

backrest to prevent sores, 196

bearings, 188, (see also Bearings)

cushions, 156-157, (see also Cushions)

dancing, 300

disabled designers, 4-5, 183, 253-254

E&J (Everest & Jennings), 183

electric (motor), 172

folding mechanism, 189-191

foot-rests, 189, 210, 236

four-wheel drive, 183

front-wheel drive, 51, 183, 221-226

hand-rims, 221

hubs, adjustable, 189

jump-step for, 192

liberating, 26, 85, 170

low-riders, 15, 19

mountain-climbing in, 145

mudguard, 59

need for, 185

one-hand drive, 249-250, 253-254

races, 300

for rough terrain, 18, 183-187

seating-inserts, 30, 61-63, 335

for standing, 149, 183

tables, 31, 50-51, 63

tires, 178, 186-187

to hold two children at once, 171

toilets, 192-194

too big, 14, 41, 171

traction, problems with, (see Traction)

trailer for, 284

transport of, 170, 172

upholstery, 191, 237

wheels, (see Wheels)

Whirlwind (Torbellino), 183-198, 236

wooden, 78, 178, 302, 304

Wheeled cot, (see also Gurney; Trolley)

Wheeled mobility, 185, (also see Gurney, Trolley, Scooter, Wheelchairs)

simple and complex, 172

Wheelies (balancing wheelchair on 2 wheels), 26, 108, 226, 300

Wheels, 175, 186

all rubber (Zimbabwe wheel), 187

caster wheels, 183, 185

Ezekiel, 183

molded aluminum, 186

from old truck bearings, 174

for rough terrain, 183, 186, 343

sheet metal, 187

spoking, 195

wooden, ix, 174-178, 186, 195

Wheels of Fortune, 14-15

"Where There Is No Doctor," 339

"Which Is More Appropriate?" - a story, 172

Whirlwind Wheelchair, 183-196, 198, 236

design problems, 186-190, 236

WHO (World Health Organization), 6, 10, 265, 342

Wisdom of a child, 328

Wobble factor, 135

Women's liberation, rights, 265-266

Wood-working shop, 279

Work by disabled persons, 275-284

by blind persons, 275

building bamboo blinds, 276

carpentry, woodwork, 40, 53, 78, 176-179, 212-214, 245, 275-276, 279, 293

cattle raising, 232

chair-weaving, 277

collecting scrap metal, 199

dentistry, 256

and dignity, 201

farm work and gardening, 231, 275

flowers from fish scales, 312

folding gauze, 150

food selling on street, 199

hand-sewn crafts, 315-316

hauling water, 275

health services, 282, 307, 309

income-generation at PROJIMO, 276

laundry, 129, 150, 277

leather belts, 276

in the non-formal economy, 275-282

ornaments and crafts, 276

painting pictures, cards, 194, 313-314

playground clean-up, 284

pottery, 255

pump repair, 281

rice farming, 232

running a village store, 338

in rural and urban areas, 275-276

sandals and shoes, 276

social work, 261

sugar-cane milling, 232

sweeping, 150, 325

teaching English or Spanish, 282, 315

as therapy, 150

toy and puzzle making, 276, 290-292, (see Toys; Puzzles)

washing and hanging up clothes, 129, 150, 277

washing dishes, 150, 277

weaving plastic chairs, 276-277

weaving rugs, 276

welding service and repair, 259

wheelchair building, 235

white-washing walls, 274

Work and play, 283-284

Work picnics, 312

Workshops, 4, 6, 173, 231, 295-296, 333, 341, (see Training workshops)

Wrestling, 329

Writing aids, 143-144, 146, 165, 298-299

X, Y, Z

YURI, 131-134

Zimbabwe, 4, 65, 73, 187

Zimbabwe (all rubber) wheel, 187